{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T15:25:32Z","timestamp":1759073132029,"version":"3.37.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,6]],"date-time":"2009-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1238976000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":4784,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Dirofilaria immitis<\/jats:italic>is an important filarial parasite of dogs and cats, and a useful model for human filariasis. Current diagnostic tests for heartworm infection in animals rely on the presence of fecund female worms (usually found 6\u00b75 months post-infection or later) and therefore fail to detect pre-patent infections. Putative pepsin inhibitors from 2 filarial parasites of humans namely<jats:italic>Onchocerca volvulus<\/jats:italic>(Ov33, Oc3.6, OvDSB) and<jats:italic>Brugia malayi<\/jats:italic>(Bm33), have been shown to be useful in diagnosis of onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis, respectively. Previous studies have suggested that a homologue exists in<jats:italic>D. immitis<\/jats:italic>(DiT33), which may have potential in diagnosis of heartworm infection. In this study, the isolation and characterization of a cDNA clone encoding DiT33 is described.\u2021 This cDNA contains 12 bases of the nematode-specific 22 nucleotide spliced leader sequence and encodes a 26\u00b74 kDa-protein with a high level of similarity (87\u201389%) to other filarial members of the family. DJT33 was over-expressed in<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>as a fusion with the maltose-binding protein and serological analysis was performed using a panel of clinically defined dog sera. The findings of this study indicate that DiT33 is a promising antigen for the early detection of<jats:italic>D. immitis<\/jats:italic>and may be a valuable tool in the control and management of heartworm infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182000065859","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,5]],"date-time":"2009-06-05T13:34:39Z","timestamp":1244208879000},"page":"331-338","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Cloning and expression of DiT33 from<i>Dirofilaria immitis<\/i>: a specific and early marker of heartworm infection"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"X. Q.","family":"Hong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. Santiago","family":"Mejia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F. B.","family":"Perler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C. K. S.","family":"Carlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182000065859_ref033","first-page":"99","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium '86","author":"Wong","year":"1986"},{"key":"S0031182000065859_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(93)90212-G"},{"key":"S0031182000065859_ref022","unstructured":"McCall J. W. , Supakorndej N. , McTier T. L. , Dzimianski M. T. & Ricketts R. P. (1993). Commercial antigen test kits detection infections with single female worm but not those with numerous male worms only. Proceedings of the American Association of Veterinary Parasitologists, 38th Annual Meeting, p. 36."},{"key":"S0031182000065859_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00484a003"},{"key":"S0031182000065859_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(91)90028-5"},{"key":"S0031182000065859_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.167.4.1505"},{"key":"S0031182000065859_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.168.3.1199"},{"key":"S0031182000065859_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2011741"},{"key":"S0031182000065859_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1994.1110"},{"key":"S0031182000065859_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(89)90139-4"},{"volume-title":"PHYLIP: Phytogeny Inference Package","year":"1993","author":"Felsenstein","key":"S0031182000065859_ref010"},{"key":"S0031182000065859_ref005","first-page":"77","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium '86","author":"Courtney","year":"1986"},{"key":"S0031182000065859_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(94)00035-2"},{"key":"S0031182000065859_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115455"},{"volume-title":"Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual","year":"1989","author":"Sambrook","key":"S0031182000065859_ref027"},{"key":"S0031182000065859_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(93)90191-Y"},{"key":"S0031182000065859_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(91)90046-9"},{"key":"S0031182000065859_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1973.tb14675.x"},{"key":"S0031182000065859_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.21.7932"},{"key":"S0031182000065859_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1983.tb07424.x"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium '95","year":"1995","author":"Hong","key":"S0031182000065859_ref013"},{"key":"S0031182000065859_ref001","first-page":"289","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium '92","author":"Soll","year":"1992"},{"key":"S0031182000065859_ref034","first-page":"33","article-title":"Serodiagnosis of prepatent dirofilariasis: problems and significance","volume":"27","author":"Wong","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association"},{"key":"S0031182000065859_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(93)90204-S"},{"key":"S0031182000065859_ref008","first-page":"83","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Heartworm Symposium '86","author":"Dzimianski","year":"1986"},{"key":"S0031182000065859_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(86)90360-1"},{"key":"S0031182000065859_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1994.tb00352.x"},{"key":"S0031182000065859_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bi.54.070185.003215"},{"key":"S0031182000065859_ref024","unstructured":"Nkenfou C. (1993). Molecular cloning of genes coding antigens specific for Onchocerca volvulus: evaluation of expressed proteins for use in the diagnosis of onchocerciasis. Ph.D. thesis, University of Yaounde, Cameroon."},{"key":"S0031182000065859_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1982.43.04.738","article-title":"Survey for heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis and Dipetalonema reconditum (Nematoda: Filarioidea) in dogs from Virginia and North Carolina","volume":"43","author":"Falls","year":"1982","journal-title":"American Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"S0031182000065859_ref006","first-page":"27","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of the DiroCHEK heartworm antigen test for immunodiagnosis of canine dirofilariasis and a comparison with other immunodiagnostic tests","volume":"24","author":"Courtney","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association"},{"key":"S0031182000065859_ref012","first-page":"189","article-title":"Clustal V: Improved software for multiple sequence alignment","volume":"8","author":"Higgens","year":"1992","journal-title":"Computer Application in the Biosciences"},{"key":"S0031182000065859_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.134.2.1185","article-title":"Monoclonal antibodies to parasite antigens found in the serum of Dirofilaria immitis-infected dogs","volume":"134","author":"Weil","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"S0031182000065859_ref018","first-page":"139","article-title":"Specific and sensitive IgG4 immunodiagnosis of onchocerciasis with a recombinant 33 kD Onchocerca volvulus protein (Ov33)","volume":"43","author":"Lucius","year":"1992","journal-title":"Tropical Medicine and Parasitology"}],"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0031182000065859","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,9]],"date-time":"2025-02-09T23:21:00Z","timestamp":1739143260000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0031182000065859\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1996,3]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031182000065859"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182000065859","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0031-1820"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1469-8161"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1996,3]]}}}