{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T19:24:14Z","timestamp":1791141854925,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,6]],"date-time":"2009-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1238976000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":4905,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>An apparatus for artificial feeding of <jats:italic>Rhipicephalus appendiculatus<\/jats:italic> nymphae was modified to improve feeding performance. Heparinized blood was supplied above a treated artificial membrane while the ticks attached below on its undersurface. The feeding apparatus was incubated at 37 \u00b0C in an atmosphere of 3% CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> concentration and a relative humidity of 75\u201380%. Under these conditions, 91% of the engorged nymphae attained a mean weight of 6\u201311 mg, and an average of 93% of those nymphae moulted into adults. When this system was used to feed nymphal ticks on blood infected with <jats:italic>Theileria parva<\/jats:italic> piroplasms, the mean prevalence of infection in the resultant female and male ticks was 86% and 54%, respectively. The feeding performance and <jats:italic>T. parva<\/jats:italic> infection levels were comparable to those of nymphal ticks fed on the blood donor cattle. The apparatus used in this study has potential for modification to suit the artificial feeding needs of other species of ixodid ticks and for use in investigations to examine other tick\/pathogen relationships.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182000065963","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,5]],"date-time":"2009-06-05T13:40:57Z","timestamp":1244209257000},"page":"463-468","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Optimization of the <i>in vitro<\/i> feeding of <i>Rhipicephalus appendiculatus<\/i> nymphae for the transmission of <i>Theileria parva<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"S. M.","family":"Waladde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. S.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. N.","family":"Mwaura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. N.","family":"Njihia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F. N.","family":"Mwakima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182000065963_ref009","first-page":"667","article-title":"Identification of guanine as an assembly pheromone of ticks","volume":"6","author":"Otieno","year":"1985","journal-title":"Insect Science and its Application"},{"key":"S0031182000065963_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02243494"},{"key":"S0031182000065963_ref014","first-page":"579","article-title":"Advances in the artificial feeding of ticks","volume":"13","author":"Waladde","year":"1992","journal-title":"Insect Science and its Application"},{"key":"S0031182000065963_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(86)90071-8"},{"key":"S0031182000065963_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000079233"},{"key":"S0031182000065963_ref003","first-page":"19","article-title":"In vitro feeding by ixodid ticks through Waladde's modified Baudruche membrane: unfed adult Dermacentor andersoni (Stiles) and Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) feed to repletion on defibrinated bovine blood","author":"Coan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Ninth International Veterinary Hemoparasite Disease Conference"},{"key":"S0031182000065963_ref005","first-page":"278","article-title":"Rearing and maintaining Rhipicephalus appendiculatus in the laboratory","volume":"21","author":"Irvin","year":"1970","journal-title":"Journal of the Institute of Animal Technologists"},{"key":"S0031182000065963_ref006","first-page":"319","article-title":"The attachment of some ixodid ticks to their natural hosts","author":"Moorhouse","year":"1969","journal-title":"Proceeding of the 2nd International Congress of Acarology"},{"key":"S0031182000065963_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.2.514"},{"key":"S0031182000065963_ref008","volume-title":"The Epidemiology of Theileriosis in Africa","author":"Norval","year":"1992"},{"key":"S0031182000065963_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-2590-4_2"},{"key":"S0031182000065963_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01202876"},{"key":"S0031182000065963_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000079221"},{"key":"S0031182000065963_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)32316-6","article-title":"Indirect fluorescent antibody test for experimental and epizootiological studies on East Coast fever (Theileria parva infection in cattle): evaluation of cell culture antigen fixed and stored in suspension","volume":"33","author":"Goddeeris","year":"1982","journal-title":"Research in Veterinary Science"},{"key":"S0031182000065963_ref001","first-page":"33","article-title":"Notes on the rearing of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and their infection with Theileria parva for experimental transmission","volume":"81","author":"Bailey","year":"1960","journal-title":"Bulletin of Epizootic Diseases of Africa"},{"key":"S0031182000065963_ref011","volume-title":"Biology of Ticks","volume":"1","author":"Sonenshine","year":"1991"}],"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0031182000065963","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]],"date-time":"2019-05-13T20:25:27Z","timestamp":1557779127000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0031182000065963\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995,11]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031182000065963"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182000065963","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-1820","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1995,11]]}}}