{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T06:01:30Z","timestamp":1770703290265,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,6]],"date-time":"2009-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1238976000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":4692,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>Infection of intermediate hosts with eggs of taeniid parasites results in a larval infestation known as cysticercosis. A number of studies have indicated that cysticercosis is associated with immunosuppression, although little is known about the mechanisms involved. In the present study, mice infected with the larvae of<jats:italic>Taenia crassiceps<\/jats:italic>were found to exhibit a pronounced anergy, which preferentially affected T-cells located anatomically close to the parasite. This anergy was linked to late events in the T cell activation pathway; that is, stimulation through the T cell receptor(TCR)\/CD complex by Concanavalin-A, or plate-bound monoclonal antibodies (mAb) to TCR\u03b1\u03b2 or CD3\u03b5, or combinations of phorbol ester and ionomycin (all of which can bypass early membrane-related events), failed to fully activate T lymphocytes. The relative proximity of T cells to the parasite was directly related to upregulation of IL-4 and downregulation of IL-2 production. In addition, the profiles of parasite-specific Abs showed an exclusive increase of serum IgG1 during infection. Taken together, the data suggest that infection of mice with larvae of<jats:italic>T. crassiceps<\/jats:italic>alters the balance of CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>Th cells by upregulating Th2 and downregulating Th1 cells located in close proximity to the parasite.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182000066142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,5]],"date-time":"2009-06-05T13:30:06Z","timestamp":1244208606000},"page":"561-570","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Mice infected with the larvae of<i>Taenia crassiceps<\/i>exhibit a Th2-like immune response with concomitant anergy and downregulation of Th1-associated phenomena"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"O. F.","family":"Villa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. 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