{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T06:09:43Z","timestamp":1791007783713,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":200,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,6]],"date-time":"2009-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1238976000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":4753,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper estimates the global burden of lymphatic filariasis based on a review of the published literature on infection and disease surveys. A method for aggregating and projecting prevalence data from individual studies to national, regional and global levels, which also facilitates the estimation of gender and age-specific burdens, is presented. The method weights in favour of the larger, and hence presumbably more reliable, studies and relies on estimated empirical relationships between gender, age, infection and disease in order to correct studies with incomplete data. The results presented here suggest that although the overall prevalence of filariasis cases is 2\u00b70% globally (approximately totalling 119 million cases), the disease continues to be of considerable local importance, particularly in India and Sub-Saharan Africa. Estimates by age and gender clearly show that, unlike other helminth infections, filariasis is mainly a disease of the adult and older age-classes and appears to be more prevalent in males. This work suggests that the derivation of more accurate estimates of the burden of filariasis will require a better understanding of both the epidemiology and the spatial aspects of infection and disease. It also suggests that filariasis is preventable based on a geographically targeted strategy for control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182000066646","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,5]],"date-time":"2009-06-05T09:34:23Z","timestamp":1244194463000},"page":"409-428","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":341,"title":["Re-assessing the global prevalence and distribution of lymphatic filariasis"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"E.","family":"Michael","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. A. P.","family":"Bundy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B. T.","family":"Grenfell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref200","first-page":"91","article-title":"Studies on bancroftian filariasis in Liberia, West Africa I. Distribution and prevalence in the Nord-Western Savanna Area","volume":"30","author":"Zielke","year":"1979","journal-title":"Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1972.21.22"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1984.11811836"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1977.11687193"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref193","volume-title":"World Development Report 1993. Investing in Health","year":"1993"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref191","unstructured":"World Health Organization (1992). Lymphatic Filariasis: The Disease and its Control. WHO Technical Report Series 821. WHO, Geneva."},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref190","unstructured":"World Health Organization (1984). Lymphatic filariasis. Fourth Report of the WHO Expert Committee on Filariasis. WHO Technical Report Series 702. WHO, Geneva."},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(88)90152-4"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(78)90006-8"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref014","first-page":"153","article-title":"La filariose de Bancroft a Mayotte. Etat actuel de l'endemie filarienne et programme de lutte","volume":"20","author":"Blanchy","year":"1982","journal-title":"Cahiers ORSTOM ser Entomologie Medicale et Parasitologie"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(71)90186-6"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref011","first-page":"144","article-title":"Nouvelles recherches sur l'importance, les manifestations cliniques, et la lutte contre la filariose a Tahiti, Oceanie francaise","volume":"1","author":"Beye","year":"1953","journal-title":"Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de Pathologie Exotique"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(91)90048-4"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref166","first-page":"528","article-title":"An epidemiological study of filariasis in the villages of the rural health training centre, Sarojini Nagar, Lucknow","volume":"57","author":"Srivastava","year":"1969","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Medical Research"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref094","first-page":"1","article-title":"Filariasis in Mangalore (South India)","volume":"9","author":"Krishnaswami","year":"1955","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Malariology"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref032","first-page":"S82","article-title":"Decline in brugian filariasis in hill tribe settlements of Kerala","volume":"73","author":"Chandrasekharan","year":"1981","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Medical Research"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref048","first-page":"353","article-title":"Filariasis in an upland population in the Philippines","volume":"34","author":"Enarson","year":"1982","journal-title":"Tropical and Geographical Medicine"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref197","first-page":"534","article-title":"Epidemiology of filariasis in Malumfashi district of northern Nigeria","volume":"76","author":"Wijeyaratne","year":"1982","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Medical Research"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(55)90088-2"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3282426"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref104","first-page":"198","article-title":"Filariasis in Perlis, Peninsular Malaysia","volume":"31","author":"Mak","year":"1977","journal-title":"Medical Journal of Malaysia"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref126","first-page":"537","article-title":"Malayan filariasis in Margolembo, South Sulawesi, Indonesia","volume":"3","author":"Partono","year":"1972","journal-title":"Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1965.11686299"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref067","first-page":"179","article-title":"Observation on the reduction of the prevalence of Malayan filariasis in Chumphon province of South Thailand","volume":"8","author":"Harinasuta","year":"1977","journal-title":"Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref147","first-page":"219","article-title":"Observations on the epidemiology of human filariasis in French Oceania","volume":"61","author":"Rosen","year":"1955","journal-title":"American Journal of Hygiene"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref001","first-page":"63","article-title":"Tanzania Filariasis Project. Studies on microfilaraemia and selected clinical manifestations of Bancroftian filariasis","volume":"37","author":"Abaru","year":"1980","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.31729\/jnma.1561","article-title":"A brief study of the epidemiology of filariasis in Nepal","volume":"11","author":"Jung","year":"1973","journal-title":"Journal of the Nepalese Medical Association"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref095","first-page":"93","article-title":"Distribution and prevalence of Wuchereria bancrofti in various parts of Liberia","volume":"27","author":"Kuhlow","year":"1976","journal-title":"Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref070","first-page":"31","article-title":"The distribution of human filariasis throughout the world. Part I. The Pacific region, including New Guinea","author":"Hawking","year":"1971","journal-title":"WHO\/FIL\/71.94"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref119","first-page":"37","article-title":"Is Wuchereriasis a disappearing disease in Surinam ?","volume":"53","author":"Oostbrug","year":"1985","journal-title":"Acta Liedensia"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref136","first-page":"363","article-title":"A preliminary survey of filarial infection in a group of labour population at Maijan Tea Estate in Lakhimpur District, Assam","volume":"56","author":"Rahman","year":"1971","journal-title":"Journal of the Indian Medical Association"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1986.11812043"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref024","first-page":"A71","volume-title":"In Immunoparasitology Today","author":"Bundy","year":"1991"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref020","first-page":"71","article-title":"Epidemiological investigations of bancroftian filariasis in the coastal zone of Liberia","volume":"28","author":"Brinkmann","year":"1976","journal-title":"Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref102","first-page":"165","article-title":"El uso de la tecnica de Knott en una zona endemica de filariasis en Puerto Limon, Costa Rica","volume":"31","author":"Madrigal","year":"1979","journal-title":"Revista Cubana de Medico Tropicais"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref101","first-page":"65","article-title":"Control of filariasis in the Fujian Province","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"1989","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Parasitic Disease Control"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref145","first-page":"39","article-title":"Detection of a new focus of Brugia malayi infection in Orissa","volume":"21","author":"Rath","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Communicable Disease"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref040","first-page":"313","article-title":"Filariasis in the village of Inanwatan (South coast of the Vogelkop, Netherlands New Guinea)","volume":"11","author":"De Rook","year":"1959","journal-title":"Tropical and Geographical Medicine"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref186","volume-title":"Applied Linear Regression","author":"Weisberg","year":"1985"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref091","first-page":"869","article-title":"Epidemiology of subperiodic bancroftian filariasis in Samoa 8 years after control by mass treatment with diethylcarbamazine","volume":"63","author":"Kimura","year":"1985","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(91)90046-2"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref120","first-page":"99","article-title":"Filariasis on the North Nyasa Lake Shore","volume":"4","author":"Oram","year":"1958","journal-title":"The Central African Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref116","first-page":"47","article-title":"Filariasis in Kerala State. Part VII. Survey of Ponani (Palghat District)","volume":"16","author":"Nair","year":"1962","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Malariology"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref178","first-page":"149","article-title":"Filariasis in Sultanganj and its suburbs (Bihar)","volume":"8","author":"Varma","year":"1960","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Indian Society of Malariology and Communicable Disease"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref019","first-page":"279","article-title":"Etude parasitologique, clinique et entomologique sur la filariose de Bancroft dans le sud du Dahomey et du Togo","volume":"8","author":"Brengues","year":"1969","journal-title":"Cahiers ORSTOM ser Entomologie Medicate et Parasitologie"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref081","first-page":"265","article-title":"Epidemiology of bancroftian filariasis in a semi-urban community of Kerala State","volume":"21","author":"Jain","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Communicable Disease"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref118","first-page":"301","article-title":"Prevalence of Wuchereria bancrofti in Georgetown, Guyana","volume":"24","author":"Nathan","year":"1990","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Pan American Health Organization"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1974.23.877"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref084","first-page":"33","article-title":"A filariasis survey of Trichur (Kerala State)","volume":"17","author":"Joseph","year":"1963","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Malariology"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref179","first-page":"185","article-title":"Studies on the incidence and transmission of filariasis in Bhagalpur town (Bihar)","volume":"15","author":"Varma","year":"1961","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Malariology"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref098","first-page":"222","article-title":"Preliminary report on the distribution and epidemiology of filariasis in the Seychelles islands, Indian Ocean","volume":"2","author":"Lambrecht","year":"1971","journal-title":"Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref115","first-page":"233","article-title":"Filariasis in centrally administered areas. Part I. Filaria survey of Pondicherry settlement","volume":"14","author":"Nair","year":"1960","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Malariology"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref192","unstructured":"World Health Organization (1994). Lymphatic filariasis infection and disease:.control strategies. TDR\/CTD\/FIL\/PENANG\/94.1 (mimeogr)."},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref142","first-page":"184","article-title":"Prevalence of bancroftian filariasis and its control by single course of diethyl carbamazine in a rural area in Tamil Nadu","volume":"89","author":"Ramaiah","year":"1989","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Medical Research"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000073807"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1994.11812852"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1971.20.592"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1969.11686650"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1982.31.942"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref181","first-page":"293","article-title":"Filariasis in the rural population around Bhagalpur Town. Part II","volume":"15","author":"Varma","year":"1961","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Malariology"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref072","first-page":"93","article-title":"Bancroftian filariasis and malaria in island and hinterland populations in Sabah, Malaysia","volume":"37","author":"Hil","year":"1985","journal-title":"Tropical and Geographical Medicine"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref146","first-page":"59","article-title":"Etude epidemiologique de la Bancroftose dans la vallee du Logone (Nord Cameroun)","volume":"42","author":"Ripert","year":"1982","journal-title":"Med\u00e9cine Tropicale"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref033","first-page":"229","article-title":"Bancroftian filariasis in Anjouan (Comores)","volume":"79","author":"Charafoudine","year":"1986","journal-title":"Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de Pathologie Exotique et de ses Filiales"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref056","first-page":"60","article-title":"Filariasis due to W. bancrofti var. pacifica at Tahiti and in the Society Archipelago","volume":"47","author":"Galliard","year":"1949","journal-title":"Tropical Diseases Bulletin"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref064","first-page":"317","article-title":"Bancroftian filariasis in the Kassena Nankana District of the upper east region of Ghana: a preliminary study","volume":"96","author":"Gyapong","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref002","first-page":"521","article-title":"Filariasis records in Ceylon","volume":"14","author":"Abdulcader","year":"1960","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Malariology"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref163","first-page":"177","article-title":"Problems of clinical and biological measurements in the epidemiology and control of filarial infections","volume":"68","author":"Southgate","year":"1974","journal-title":"Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref188","first-page":"552","article-title":"Eastern Samar, the fourth endemic focus for Malayan filariasis in the Republic of the Philippines","volume":"3","author":"Wenceslao","year":"1972","journal-title":"Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1979.11687298"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref085","first-page":"231","article-title":"Le foyer de filariose lymphatique du secteur de Sandiara (Senegal). I. Evaluation de l'endemicite","volume":"48","author":"Juminer","year":"1971","journal-title":"Archives de L'institute Pasteur de Tunis"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref172","first-page":"483","article-title":"Microfilaraemia survey in Vientiane, Laos","volume":"10","author":"Tawil","year":"1979","journal-title":"Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000062508"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref080","first-page":"317","article-title":"Prophylactic effect of diethylcarbamazine on W. bancrofti filariasis","volume":"19","author":"Jain","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Communicable Disease"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref036","first-page":"45","volume-title":"In Ascariasis and its Prevention and Control","author":"Crompton","year":"1989"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref161","first-page":"303","article-title":"Observations on rural filariasis in Sitapur district (Uttar Pradesh)","volume":"17","author":"Singh","year":"1963","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Malariology"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref117","first-page":"168","article-title":"Parasitological and clinical studies of Wuchereria bancrofti and Mansonella ozzardi in coastal north Trinidad, West Indies","volume":"31","author":"Nathan","year":"1982","journal-title":"West Indies Medical Journal"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref121","first-page":"144","article-title":"Filariasis on the North Nyasa Lake Shore (II)","volume":"4","author":"Oram","year":"1960","journal-title":"The Central African Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-706X(90)90053-3"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref003","first-page":"383","article-title":"Filariasis in Gongola State Nigeria I: Clinical and parasitological studies in Mutum-Biyu district","volume":"35","author":"Akogun","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Hygiene, Epidemiology, Microbiology and Immunology"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref004","first-page":"234","article-title":"Follow-up survey on the long-term effects of diethylcarbamazine (Hetrazan) -medicated salt in the control of malayan filariasis","volume":"15","year":"1981","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref006","first-page":"3","article-title":"Bancroftian and Malayan Filariasis in Overseas Portuguese Territories","volume":"3","author":"Azevedo","year":"1969","journal-title":"Annais da Escola National de Saude Pubica Medicina Tropical"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref009","first-page":"296","article-title":"Filariasis in Greater Bombay - results of a rapid survey conducted in June, 1965","volume":"4","author":"Basu","year":"1967","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Indian Society of Malaria and Communicable Disease"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref096","first-page":"209","article-title":"Prevalence of Wuchereria bancrofti infection in some coastal villages of Ganjam, Orissa","volume":"22","author":"Kumar","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Communicable Disease"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1952.1.637"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref013","first-page":"272","article-title":"Filariasis control in rural areas through detection and treatment with diethylcarbamazine","volume":"21","author":"Biswas","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Communicable Disease"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref135","first-page":"53","article-title":"Filariasis in Bahraich Town (Uttar Pradesh)","volume":"7","author":"Rahman","year":"1959","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Natural Society of India on Malaria and Mosquito Diseases"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref141","first-page":"273","article-title":"Filariasis in a rubber plantation in Negeri Sembilan, West Malaysia","volume":"25","author":"Ramachandran","year":"1971","journal-title":"The Medical Journal of Malaya"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref016","first-page":"634","article-title":"Lymphatic filariasis in Vanuatu","volume":"80","author":"Bouree","year":"1987","journal-title":"Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de Pathologic Exotiqite et de ses Filiales"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800047932"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref031","first-page":"1127","article-title":"Observations on filariasis in some villages around Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh","volume":"61","author":"Chandra","year":"1973","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Medical Research"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref018","first-page":"299","article-title":"La filariose de bancroft en afrique de L'ouest","volume":"79","author":"Brengues","year":"1975","journal-title":"Memoires ORSTOM"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref021","first-page":"212","article-title":"La filariose de Bancroft dans la sous-region Malgache","volume":"81","author":"Brunhes","year":"1975","journal-title":"Memoires ORSTOM"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref022","first-page":"23","article-title":"La filariose humaine a Madagascar","volume":"26","author":"Brygoo","year":"1958","journal-title":"Archives de L'institut Pasteur de Madagascar"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60332-2"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref025","first-page":"31","article-title":"Filariasis survey among indigenous tribes of Palawan, Republic of the Philippines","volume":"3","author":"Cabrera","year":"1972","journal-title":"Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(92)90245-8"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1977.11687194"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref027","first-page":"143","article-title":"Studies on the incidence and transmission of filaria, Wuchereria bancrofti, in Belem, Brazil","volume":"41","author":"Causey","year":"1945","journal-title":"American Journal of Hygiene"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000078410"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref029","first-page":"39","article-title":"A note on filariasis in Gonda Town (Uttar Pradesh)","volume":"15","author":"Chand","year":"1961","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Malariology"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref030","first-page":"269","article-title":"Filariasis in Gorakhpur district, Uttar Pradesh","volume":"16","author":"Chand","year":"1962","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Malariology"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1969.18.369"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a120509"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref039","first-page":"197","article-title":"Filariasis on the island of Pam","volume":"9","author":"De Rook","year":"1957","journal-title":"Tropical and Geographical Medicine"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref041","first-page":"565","article-title":"Hyperendemic subperiodic Bancroftian filariasis: a search for clinical and immunological correlates of microfilaremia","volume":"54","author":"Desowitz","year":"1976","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref184","first-page":"131","volume-title":"In Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries","author":"Warren","year":"1993"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref044","first-page":"355","article-title":"Clinical epidemiology of filariasis due to Brugia malayi on a rubber estate in West Malaysia","volume":"3","author":"Dondero","year":"1972","journal-title":"Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1976.25.64"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1992.46.745"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref047","first-page":"471","article-title":"Bancroftian filariasis in young adult males from Nile delta","volume":"14","author":"El-Ridi","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of the Egyptian Society for Parasitology"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/1.1.18"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-706X(93)90002-S"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref100","first-page":"222","article-title":"Analysis of residual sources of infection in an area previously endemic for filariasis","volume":"6","author":"Ling","year":"1985","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref051","first-page":"3","article-title":"Bancroftian filariasis in Assiut area, Upper Egypt","volume":"7","author":"Fahmy","year":"1977","journal-title":"Journal of the Egyptian Society for Parasitology"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref052","first-page":"629","article-title":"Recherches sur les filarioses humaines dans la region de la Cuvette Centrale (Republique democratique du Congo)","volume":"49","author":"Fain","year":"1969","journal-title":"Annales de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Belge de Med\u00e9cine Tropicale"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref156","article-title":"Report to Expert Committee","author":"Self","year":"1991","journal-title":"WHO\/FIL-F3\/81\/5."},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref053","first-page":"259","article-title":"Clinical manifestations of Wuchereria bancrofti filariasis in an endemic village in the Nile delta","volume":"67","author":"Feinsod","year":"1987","journal-title":"Annales de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Belge de Med\u00e9cine Tropicale"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref054","first-page":"73","article-title":"Alguns aspectos das atividades contra a filariose bancroftiana no Brasil","volume":"18","author":"Franco","year":"1966","journal-title":"Revista Brasileira de Malariologia e Doencas Tropicas"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/170.4.927"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref005","first-page":"313","article-title":"Distribution and incidence of filariae of the genera \u2018Wuchereria\u2019 and \u2018Brugia\u2019 in the Portuguese overseas territories","volume":"21","author":"Azevedo","year":"1964","journal-title":"Annais do Instituto Medicina Tropical"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref153","first-page":"522","article-title":"Prevalence survey of filariasis in two villages in Chingleput district of Tamil Nadu","volume":"85","author":"Sarma","year":"1987","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Medical Research"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000060613"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref114","volume-title":"In The Burden of Disease","author":"Michael","year":"1995"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000075260"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref059","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/5.5.933"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref093","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1980.11687311"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1976.25.797"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref143","first-page":"712","article-title":"Epidemiological studies on bancroftian filariasis in East Godavari district (Andhra Pradesh): baseline filariometric indices","volume":"71","author":"Rao","year":"1980","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Medical Research"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref060","first-page":"975","article-title":"Bancroftian filariasis in a Philippine village: clinical, parasitological, immunological, and social aspects","volume":"56","author":"Grove","year":"1978","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organisation"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(91)90453-6"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref062","first-page":"44","article-title":"Studies on sub-periodic Brugia malayi in Southern Thailand","volume":"2","author":"Guptavanij","year":"1971","journal-title":"Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref063","first-page":"42","article-title":"Studies on the prevalence of Malayan filariasis in South Thailand","volume":"8","author":"Guptavanij","year":"1977","journal-title":"Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref138","first-page":"200","article-title":"Some aspects of transmission of Wuchereria bancrofti and ecology of the vector Culex pipiens fatigans in Pondicherry","volume":"66","author":"Rajagopalan","year":"1977","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Medical Research"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref065","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1983.32.764"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref066","first-page":"233","article-title":"Bancroftian filariasis in Thailand, a new endemic area","volume":"1","author":"Harinasuta","year":"1970","journal-title":"Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref073","first-page":"26","article-title":"A re-survey of the prevalence of Malayan filariasis in south-west Sabah, Malaysia","volume":"33","author":"Hii","year":"1978","journal-title":"Medical Journal of Malaysia"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref068","first-page":"967","article-title":"The distribution of human filariasis throughout the world. Part II. Asia","volume":"73","author":"Hawking","year":"1976","journal-title":"Tropical Diseases Bulletin"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref069","first-page":"649","article-title":"The distribution of human filariasis throughout the world. Part III. Africa","volume":"74","author":"Hawking","year":"1977","journal-title":"Tropical Diseases Bulletin"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1983.32.1294"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref071","volume-title":"Statistical Methods for Meta-Analysis","author":"Hedges","year":"1985"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1977.26.1148"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref074","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(53)80007-6"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref075","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(89)90054-3"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref088","first-page":"359","article-title":"Filariasis in the Minahassa","volume":"28","author":"Kapojos","year":"1976","journal-title":"Tropical and Geographical Medicine"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref076","first-page":"59","article-title":"An epidemiological study of filariasis in Sorsogon province, Republic of the Philippines, with notes on experimental mosquito infection","volume":"86","author":"Ishii","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref077","first-page":"375","article-title":"Filariasis in the Maldives Islands","volume":"7","author":"Iyengar","year":"1952","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref078","first-page":"287","article-title":"Interruption of transmission of Anopheles borne filariasis by indoor residual spraying in Netherlands New Guinea","volume":"11","author":"Iyengar","year":"1959","journal-title":"Tropical and Geographical Medicine"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref079","first-page":"334","article-title":"Filariasis in American Samoa IV. Prevalence of microfilaria in the human population","volume":"61","author":"Jachowski","year":"1955","journal-title":"American Journal of Hygiene"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref082","first-page":"480","article-title":"Distribution and prevalence of cases of microfilaraemia in Indonesia","volume":"9","author":"Joesoef","year":"1978","journal-title":"Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref083","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0399-077X(88)80068-4"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref087","first-page":"199","article-title":"Filariasis in Patna (Bihar). Part 1","volume":"10","author":"Kant","year":"1956","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Malariology"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(89)90511-7"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref089","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1984.33.1119"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref090","first-page":"67","article-title":"Brugian filariasis: 10-year follow-up study on the effectiveness of selective chemotherapy with diethylcarbamazine on Che Ju island, Republic of Korea","volume":"65","author":"Kim","year":"1987","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref097","first-page":"10","article-title":"The effects of treatment with annual doses of diethylcarbamazide citrate in the control of human lymphatic filariasis: experience in the Pacific islands","author":"Laigret","year":"1984","journal-title":"WHO\/FIL\/84.177"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref155","first-page":"207","article-title":"A study of bancroftian filariasis on the islands of Batan and Rapu Rapu, Philippines","volume":"19","author":"Schultz","year":"1988","journal-title":"Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref103","first-page":"173","article-title":"Parasitological and clinical survey of Bancroftian filariasis in Kepu district, Central Jakarta, Indonesia","volume":"8","author":"Mahfuddin","year":"1977","journal-title":"Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref105","first-page":"755","article-title":"Epidemiology of bancroftian filariasis and onchocerciasis in the area of Tala Mokolo (North Cameroon)","volume":"79","author":"Marceau","year":"1986","journal-title":"Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de Pathologie Exotique et de ses Filiales"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400021525"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400021501"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref109","first-page":"108","article-title":"Prospects of human malaria and bancroftian filariasis infections in the lower Rufiji basin, Tanzania. 2. Bancroftian filariasis","volume":"37","author":"Matola","year":"1985","journal-title":"Tropical and Geographical Medicine"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(56)90009-8"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1981.11687461"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1994.0045"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref122","first-page":"200","article-title":"Clinical manifestations in malayan filariasis infection with special reference to lymphoedema grading","volume":"91","author":"Pani","year":"1990","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Medical Research"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(95)90666-5"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref183","article-title":"Updated information on lymphatic filariasis in Egypt","author":"Wahdan","year":"1991","journal-title":"WHO\/FIL - F3\/81\/5."},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref177","first-page":"143","article-title":"Mass treatment of Wuchereria bancrofti filariasis with diethylcarbamazine. A trial at Inanwatan, western New Guinea","volume":"13","author":"Van Djik","year":"1961","journal-title":"Tropical and Geographical Medicine"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref127","first-page":"452","article-title":"Malayan filariasis in Central Sulawesi (Celebes), Indonesia","volume":"8","author":"Partono","year":"1977","journal-title":"Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref140","first-page":"73","article-title":"A filariasis survey in Pondicherry villages","volume":"73","author":"Rajagopalan","year":"1981","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Medical Research"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref128","first-page":"400","article-title":"Brugia malayi in seven villages in South Kalimantan, Indonesia","volume":"8","author":"Partono","year":"1977","journal-title":"Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref130","first-page":"78","article-title":"Filariose de bancroft en Polynesie francaise. situation epidemiologique et perspectives apres 35 ans le lutte","volume":"79","author":"Perolat","year":"1986","journal-title":"Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de Pathologic Exotique"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref131","first-page":"15","article-title":"Incidencia de filarioses no vale do Zambeze","volume":"18","author":"Pinhao","year":"1961","journal-title":"Annais do Instituto Medicina Tropical"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref132","first-page":"745","article-title":"Lymphatic filariasis in Haiti -historical sequel or future public health problem in this part of the world","volume":"79","author":"Raccurt","year":"1986","journal-title":"Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de Pathologie Exotique et de ses Filiales"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref106","first-page":"33","article-title":"A Study of filariasis in an aggregated community of Banaras Hindu University township","volume":"60","author":"Marwah","year":"1972","journal-title":"Journal of the Indian Medical Association"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(88)90214-3"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1984.33.1124"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref137","first-page":"205","article-title":"Epidemiology of Brugia malayi and its coexistence with Wuchereria bancrofti in and around Sillaberia PHC, District Midnapur, West Bengal","volume":"22","author":"Raina","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Communicable Disease"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref169","first-page":"584","article-title":"A study of Malayan filariasis in Lubuk Mumpo and Datar Lebar villages in Lais regency, North Bengkulu, Sumatera, Indonesia","volume":"13","author":"Sudomo","year":"1982","journal-title":"Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800031083"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref144","first-page":"104","article-title":"Bancroftian filariasis in two selected rural communities in Puri District: Orissa -A comparative study of filariometric data","volume":"16","author":"Rath","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of Communicable Disease"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref012","first-page":"8","article-title":"A Survey for bancroftian filariasis in the Calcutta area","volume":"61","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"1973","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Medical Research"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref171","first-page":"85","article-title":"The high prevalence of Wuchereria bancrofti infections in indigenous tribes in northern Mindanao, Philippines","volume":"50","author":"Tanaka","year":"1980","journal-title":"Japanese Journal of Experimental Medicine"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref099","first-page":"339","article-title":"Wuchereria bancrofti infection in Djakarta, Indonesia. A study of some factors influencing its transmission","volume":"14","author":"Lie","year":"1960","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Malariology"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref151","first-page":"183","article-title":"Disappearance of some Brugia malayi foci from Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and Tamil Nadu and co-existence of Malayan and Bancroftian filariasis in some pockets","volume":"12","author":"Russel","year":"1980","journal-title":"Journal of Communicable Disease"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref175","first-page":"147","article-title":"Bancroftian filariasis in the Igwun basin, Nigeria: an epidemiological, parasitological, and clinical study in relation to the transmission dynamics","volume":"35","author":"Udonsi","year":"1988","journal-title":"Folia Parasitologica"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1978.27.910"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref152","first-page":"15","article-title":"Filariasis in Andaman and Nicobar islands. Part I. Survey findings - Nancowry, Terressa, Chowra, Carnicobar and Port Blair","volume":"1","author":"Russel","year":"1975","journal-title":"Journal of Communicable Disease"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref154","volume-title":"Human Filariasis-a Global Survey of Epidemiology and Control","author":"Sasa","year":"1976"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref158","first-page":"282","article-title":"Control of bancroftian filariasis with diethylcarbamazine in rural areas of Valsad district, Gujarat state","volume":"16","author":"Sharma","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of Communicable Disease"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref159","first-page":"373","article-title":"Condicoes atuais da filariose bancroftiana no estado da Bahia, Brasil","volume":"19","author":"Sherlock","year":"1967","journal-title":"Revista Brasiliera de Malariologia e Doencas Tropicas"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref150","first-page":"30","article-title":"Parasitological and entomological studies on filariasis in seven villages, Serian district, Sarawak, East Malaysia","volume":"12","author":"Rubis","year":"1981","journal-title":"Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref160","first-page":"219","article-title":"Filariasis in Travancore-Cochin State","volume":"10","author":"Singh","year":"1956","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Malariology"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref162","first-page":"141","article-title":"Observations on urban filariasis in Lucknow","volume":"1","author":"Singh","year":"1964","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Indian Society of Malariology and Communicable Disease"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref164","first-page":"1045","article-title":"Bancroftian filariasis in Egypt","volume":"76","author":"Southgate","year":"1979","journal-title":"Tropical Diseases Bulletin"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref165","first-page":"1","article-title":"Intensity and efficiency of transmission and the development of microfilaremia and disease - their relationship in lymphatic filariasis","volume":"95","author":"Southgate","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref170","first-page":"31","article-title":"Observations on the epidemiology of filariasis in Fiji. Part II. Laboratory studies and human infections","volume":"63","author":"Symes","year":"1960","journal-title":"Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1988.11812212"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref180","first-page":"285","article-title":"Filariasis in the rural population around Bhagalpur Town. Part I","volume":"15","author":"Varma","year":"1961","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Malariology"},{"key":"S0031182000066646_ref189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1993.00410060045008"}],"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0031182000066646","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,3]],"date-time":"2019-04-03T16:16:22Z","timestamp":1554308182000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0031182000066646\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1996,4]]},"references-count":200,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031182000066646"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182000066646","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-1820","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1996,4]]}}}