{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T02:19:22Z","timestamp":1777429162371,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,6]],"date-time":"2009-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1238976000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":7553,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>The effects of duration of infection and of temperature and nourishment in cultures on development of free-living generations of <jats:italic>Strongyloides stercoralis<\/jats:italic> were studied quantitatively. Rhabditiform larvae, 228\u2013353 \u03bcm long, were collected from infected dogs with or without prednisolone treatment using the Baermann apparatus. Cultures were carried out by the filter paper test-tube method under the following conditions: incubation temperature 15\u201340\u00b0C and faecal dilution 1:0\u20131:16. Rhabditiform larvae developed predominantly to free-living females at incubation temperatures of 15\u201330\u00b0C and low faecal dilutions, but filariform larvae appeared mainly under extreme conditions such as high temperature. Recovery rates of filariform larvae were inversely related to those of females. It was remarkable that high temperature, but not low faecal dilution, affected development of filariform larvae. Although the appearance of free-living males was constant in various environmental conditions, the present study indicated an increase in free-living males with the duration of infection. Thus, it seems that free-living males are already fixed as male in the egg stage, and potential female rhabditiform larvae differentiate into free-living females or filariform larvae depending on environmental factors. There is no marked difference in the development of rhabditiform larvae into filariform larvae in either the immunosuppressed dog or the intact dog.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182000066804","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,5]],"date-time":"2009-06-05T16:10:34Z","timestamp":1244218234000},"page":"129-138","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Factors influencing development of free-living generations of <i>Strongyloides stercoralis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"K.","family":"Shiwaku","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Y.","family":"Chigusa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Kadosaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Kaneko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182000066804_ref002","first-page":"274","article-title":"Studies on the free-living generations of Strongyloides planiceps Rogers, 1943. I. Effects of quantity of food and population density on the developmental types","volume":"25","author":"Arizono","year":"1976","journal-title":"Japanese Journal of Parasitology"},{"key":"S0031182000066804_ref019","first-page":"1139","article-title":"Supplemental studies on determination of the types of the larvae in Strongyloides ratti","volume":"18","author":"Tanabe","year":"1938","journal-title":"Keio Igaku"},{"key":"S0031182000066804_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(86)90190-2"},{"key":"S0031182000066804_ref014","first-page":"337","article-title":"Biological studies on the life-cycle in the genus Strongyloides Grassi, 1879","volume":"6","author":"Sandground","year":"1926","journal-title":"American Journal of Hygiene"},{"key":"S0031182000066804_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3279660"},{"key":"S0031182000066804_ref017","first-page":"150","article-title":"Studies on the development of Strongyloides ratti. 2. Effect of acquired immunity and immunosuppressant on the developmental types","volume":"35","author":"Suto","year":"1986","journal-title":"Japanese Journal of Parasitology"},{"key":"S0031182000066804_ref004","first-page":"243","article-title":"Experimental studies on human and primate species of Strongyloides. V. The free-living phase of the life cycle","volume":"23","author":"Beach","year":"1936","journal-title":"American Journal of Hygiene"},{"key":"S0031182000066804_ref001","first-page":"369","article-title":"Comparison of the development of free-living generation of Strongyloides ratti in different cultivation methods","volume":"15","author":"Abe","year":"1966","journal-title":"Japanese Journal of Parasitology"},{"key":"S0031182000066804_ref003","first-page":"328","article-title":"Studies on the free-living generations of Strongyloides planiceps Rogers, 1943. II. Effect of temperature on the developmental types","volume":"25","author":"Arizono","year":"1976","journal-title":"Japanese Journal of Parasitology"},{"key":"S0031182000066804_ref006","first-page":"247","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Strongyloides","volume":"36","author":"Galliard","year":"1967","journal-title":"Helminthological Abstract"},{"key":"S0031182000066804_ref008","first-page":"450","article-title":"Studies on the genus Strongyloides (Nematodes)","volume":"16","author":"Kreis","year":"1932","journal-title":"American Journal of Hygiene"},{"key":"S0031182000066804_ref009","first-page":"41","article-title":"Experimental studies on the life cycle of Strongyloides","volume":"48","author":"Little","year":"1962","journal-title":"Journal of Parasitology"},{"key":"S0031182000066804_ref011","first-page":"397","article-title":"The factors which influence the external development of Strongyloides stercoralis and on autoinfection with this parasite","volume":"227","author":"Nishigori","year":"1928","journal-title":"Taiwan Igakkai Zasshi"},{"key":"S0031182000066804_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(83)90058-4"},{"key":"S0031182000066804_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/z58-019"},{"key":"S0031182000066804_ref018","first-page":"987","article-title":"On influence of environment upon the development of Strongyloides ratti","volume":"18","author":"Tanabe","year":"1938","journal-title":"Keio Igaku"},{"key":"S0031182000066804_ref020","first-page":"175","article-title":"Studies on Strongyloidosis. VII. The nature of changes in the developmental course of swine Strongyloides","volume":"28","author":"Varju","year":"1966","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Parasitenkunde"},{"key":"S0031182000066804_ref016","first-page":"113","article-title":"Studies on the development of Strongyloides ratti. 1. New culture method and changes of developmental types after infection","volume":"35","author":"Suto","year":"1986","journal-title":"Japanese Journal of Parasitology"},{"key":"S0031182000066804_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(84)90103-6"},{"key":"S0031182000066804_ref005","first-page":"114","article-title":"Experimental studies on human and primate species of Strongyloides. II. The development of Strongyloides in the experimental host","volume":"18","author":"Faust","year":"1933","journal-title":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine"}],"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0031182000066804","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,20]],"date-time":"2019-05-20T19:23:30Z","timestamp":1558380210000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0031182000066804\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1988,8]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031182000066804"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182000066804","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-1820","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1988,8]]}}}