{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T16:28:35Z","timestamp":1770481715772,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,6]],"date-time":"2009-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1238976000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":7400,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vaccination against human schistosomes in laboratory hosts is now a reality. A number of different parasite molecules have been shown to confer partial protective immunity against challenge infection with<jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>or<jats:italic>Schistosoma japonicum<\/jats:italic>in rodent or primate hosts. These antigens are unusually diverse in their structure and stage specificity. Interestingly, although all of the vaccine molecules characterized are situated in the tegument, their exposure on the parasite surface, in most instances, is transient and\/or non-essential. The properties of four of these immunogens, glutathione-S-transferase (P26,28), paramyosin (Sm97), GP38, and GP18 are discussed. Despite the identification and recombinant synthesis of several promising protective antigens, vaccination of humans against schistosomiasis remains in the realm of fantasy. At the technical level, a major problem is the failure of any of the current vaccine immunogens and immunization protocols to induce levels of resistance sufficient for significant reduction of human infection or disease. Once this important hurdle is passed, human immunization trials should be attempted as the potential beneficial impact of a vaccine against schistosomiasis remains enormous.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182000072255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,5]],"date-time":"2009-06-05T14:50:32Z","timestamp":1244213432000},"page":"S61-S68","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Schistosome vaccines: current progress and future prospects"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Sher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephanie L.","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Correa-Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Hieny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Pearce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182000072255_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(86)90055-6"},{"key":"S0031182000072255_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1985.tb00067.x"},{"key":"S0031182000072255_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2753","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.140.8.2753","article-title":"The influence of adjuvant on induction of protective immunity by a non-living vaccine against schistosomiasis","volume":"140","author":"James","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"S0031182000072255_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.128.4.1880","article-title":"Mechanisms of protective immunity in mice vaccinated with irradiated cercariae. 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Analysis of immunity in hosts deficient in T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes or complement","volume":"128","author":"Sher","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"S0031182000072255_ref019","volume-title":"Vaccines 88","author":"Scott","year":"1988"},{"key":"S0031182000072255_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(87)90170-6"},{"key":"S0031182000072255_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197911013011804"},{"key":"S0031182000072255_ref007","first-page":"523","volume-title":"Genetic Control of Host Resistance to Infection and Malignancy","author":"James","year":"1985"},{"key":"S0031182000072255_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3317823"},{"key":"S0031182000072255_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.83.22.8703"},{"key":"S0031182000072255_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/326149a0"},{"key":"S0031182000072255_ref013","first-page":"238","volume-title":"The Biology of Schistosomes: from Genes to Latrines","author":"Mclaren","year":"1987"},{"key":"S0031182000072255_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3593","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.137.11.3593","article-title":"Immunochemical characterization and purification of Sm-97, a Schistosoma mansoni antigen monospecifically recognized by antibodies from mice protectively immunized with a non-living vaccine","volume":"137","author":"Pearce","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"S0031182000072255_ref025","first-page":"115","volume-title":"The Biology of Schistosomes from Genes to Latrines","author":"Wilson","year":"1987"},{"key":"S0031182000072255_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(87)90095-0"},{"key":"S0031182000072255_ref002","first-page":"43","volume-title":"The Biology of Parasitism","author":"Butterworth","year":"1988"},{"key":"S0031182000072255_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.15.5678"},{"key":"S0031182000072255_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.84.12.4268"},{"key":"S0031182000072255_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3094144"},{"key":"S0031182000072255_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2644","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.136.7.2644","article-title":"Passive transfer with serum and IgG antibodies of irradiated cercariaeinduced resistance against Schistosoma mansoni in mice","volume":"136","author":"Mangold","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"S0031182000072255_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/333076a0"},{"key":"S0031182000072255_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3703","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)83680-3","article-title":"Purification and characterization of an elastinolytic proteinase secreted by cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni","volume":"260","author":"Mckerrow","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"S0031182000072255_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.142.3.979","article-title":"Three major surface antigens of Schistosoma mansoni are linked to the membrane by glycosylphosphatidyl inositol","author":"Pearce","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"S0031182000072255_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/330664a0"},{"key":"S0031182000072255_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.950090506"}],"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0031182000072255","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]],"date-time":"2023-05-25T14:32:52Z","timestamp":1685025172000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0031182000072255\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1989,1]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031182000072255"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182000072255","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-1820","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1989,1]]}}}