{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T07:42:38Z","timestamp":1791099758888,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,6]],"date-time":"2009-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1238976000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":5939,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    We have investigated the effect of qinghaosu (QHS, artemisinin) and its derivatives on\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania major<\/jats:italic>\n                    replication\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    and on the disease development in mice infected with\n                    <jats:italic>L. major<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Artemisinin is effective against promastigotes\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    , with an ED\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    (50% effective dose) at 7.5 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>\u22127<\/jats:sup>\n                    m. Both artemisinin and artemether are leishmanicidal for amastigotes in infected murine macrophages\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    , with ED\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    at 3 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>\u22125<\/jats:sup>\n                    m and 3 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>\u22126<\/jats:sup>\n                    m respectively. These compounds have no effect on the viability of macrophages or on the phytohaemaglutinin-induced proliferation of normal spleen cells, even at 10\n                    <jats:sup>\u22124<\/jats:sup>\n                    m. BALB\/c mice infected in the footpad with\n                    <jats:italic>L. major<\/jats:italic>\n                    developed significantly smaller lesions and parasite loads when treated with the compounds. Intra-lesion injection of the compounds was the most effective route. The intramuscular and oral routes were also effective; however, intravenous injection with artesunate was not effective.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182000074758","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,5]],"date-time":"2009-06-05T10:14:26Z","timestamp":1244196866000},"page":"7-11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["Effects of qinghaosu (artemisinin) and its derivatives on experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"D. M.","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F. Y.","family":"Liew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182000074758_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-1575-9_85"},{"key":"S0031182000074758_ref014","first-page":"736","article-title":"Studies on the pharmacokinetics of qinghaosu and two of its derivatives in dogs","volume":"21","author":"Zhao","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica"},{"key":"S0031182000074758_ref013","first-page":"7","article-title":"Efficacy of Amostanate derivatives in experimental schistosomiasis","volume":"18","author":"Yue","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica"},{"key":"S0031182000074758_ref002","first-page":"811","article-title":"Antimalarial studies on qinghaosu","volume":"92","year":"1979","journal-title":"Chinese Medical Journal"},{"key":"S0031182000074758_ref005","first-page":"3","article-title":"Antimalarial efficacy and mode of action of qinghaosu and its derivatives in experimental models","volume":"2","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine"},{"key":"S0031182000074758_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.136.2.655","article-title":"Murine cutaneous leishmaniasis: Resistance correlates with the capacity to generate interferon-\u03b3 in response to Leishmania antigens in vitro","volume":"136","author":"Sadick","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"S0031182000074758_ref011","first-page":"463","article-title":"Effects of Qinghaosu on immune responses and its antiviral activity","volume":"22","author":"Qian","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine"},{"key":"S0031182000074758_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(82)90268-9"},{"key":"S0031182000074758_ref004","first-page":"45","article-title":"Qinghaosu and its derivatives as antimalarials","volume":"2","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine"},{"key":"S0031182000074758_ref003","first-page":"49","article-title":"Antimalarial studies on qinghaosu","volume":"14","year":"1979","journal-title":"Yaoxue Xuebao"},{"key":"S0031182000074758_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2102","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.135.3.2102","article-title":"Prophylactic immunisation against experimental leishmaniasis. V. Mechanism of the anti-protective blocking effect induced by subcutaneous immunisation against Leishmania major infection","volume":"135","author":"Liew","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"S0031182000074758_ref001","first-page":"410","article-title":"Effect of Qinghaosu and its derivatives on Clonorchis sinensis in rats","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"1983","journal-title":"Yaoxue Tongbao"},{"key":"S0031182000074758_ref010","first-page":"4793","article-title":"Macrophage killing of Leishmania parasite in vivo is mediated by nitric oxide from L-arginine","volume":"144","author":"Liew","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"S0031182000074758_ref007","first-page":"48","article-title":"Activities of 25 derivatives of artemisinin against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium berghei","volume":"1","author":"Gu","year":"1980","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacologica Sinica"}],"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0031182000074758","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,9]],"date-time":"2025-02-09T18:22:29Z","timestamp":1739125349000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0031182000074758\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1993,1]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031182000074758"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182000074758","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-1820","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1993,1]]}}}