{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T17:12:51Z","timestamp":1787505171132,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,6]],"date-time":"2009-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1238976000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":6153,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The basic tenet of the immunological perspective of fuiarial disease is that differential immune responsiveness among individuals exposed to infection results in the different clinical manifestations that develop. The mechanisms involved in this differential responsiveness appear to reflect different T-cell cytokine response patterns. Asymptomatic patients with the clinically silent presentation of \u2018asymptomatic microfilaraemia\u2019, who have been previously described as being \u2018immunosuppressed\u2019 with respect to their generating pro-inflammatory (Th1-type) immune responses to parasite antigen, are now recognized to be fully responsive to parasite antigen but to produce cytokines and mediators that have primarily anti-inflammatory (Th2-like) effects. Studies with immunodeficient mice have indicated the existence of two alternative pathways to the development of lymphatic pathology: one dependent on the induction of inflammatory reactions by the host immune response, the other entirely independent of the immune system and reflecting the direct actions of the parasite or its products on the lymphatics. As histopathology of affected human lymphatics is consistent with this hypothesis, it may be that the lymphatic pathology seen normally in the amicrofilaraemic, highly immunoresponsive infected patients derives from inflammation induced by immune responses to parasite antigen, whereas the lymphatic pathology sometimes seen coexisting with the \u2018immunosuppressed\u2019 state of asymptomatic microfilaraemia actually reflects lymphatic damage that is not immunologically mediated. Though little information exists about the \u2018natural history\u2019 of lymphatic filariasis, there is no evidence for an inevitable progression from one clinical form to another. Instead, there appears to be a definite plasticity in the response that depends on prior (? pre-natal) and current exposure to the parasite as well as on the immunomodulatory effects it induces. This plasticity does not appear to be complete, however, as there is no evidence that a chronically infected host who has developed strong pro-inflammatory immune responses can subsequently become sufficiently \u2018down-regulated\u2019 to support an asymptomatic microfilaraemia type of infection. Another possible constraint to the plasticity of the clinical and immunological responses may be the genetic determination of certain unusual syndromes, such as tropical pulmonary eosinophilia or TPE, though this hypothesis remains to be proven.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182000075259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,5]],"date-time":"2009-06-05T10:20:23Z","timestamp":1244197223000},"page":"S71-S79","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":142,"title":["The Wellcome Trust Lecture: Infection and disease in lymphatic filariasis: an immunological perspective"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"E. A.","family":"OtteSen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182000075259_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118200008584X"},{"key":"S0031182000075259_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(83)90141-4"},{"key":"S0031182000075259_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)92661-K"},{"key":"S0031182000075259_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3281924"},{"key":"S0031182000075259_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1982.31.953"},{"key":"S0031182000075259_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3954","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.138.11.3954","article-title":"An analysis of in vitro B cell immune responsiveness in human lymphatic filariasis","volume":"138","author":"Nutman","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"S0031182000075259_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01857174"},{"key":"S0031182000075259_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-2607(90)90030-D"},{"key":"S0031182000075259_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1990.43.489"},{"key":"S0031182000075259_ref001","first-page":"A71","volume-title":"Immunoparasitology Today","author":"Bundy","year":"1991"},{"key":"S0031182000075259_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2794","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.139.8.2794","article-title":"IgG antibody subclasses in human filariasis. Differential subclass recognition of parasite antigens correlates with different clinical manifestations of infection","volume":"139","author":"Hussain","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"S0031182000075259_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(86)90014-3"},{"key":"S0031182000075259_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI111384"},{"key":"S0031182000075259_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI112982"},{"key":"S0031182000075259_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(72)90084-7"},{"key":"S0031182000075259_ref005","article-title":"The cat-Brugia pahangi system as a model for the dynamics of human lymphatic filariasis","author":"Grenfell","year":"1992","journal-title":"Parasitology Today"},{"key":"S0031182000075259_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1992.46.745"},{"key":"S0031182000075259_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-706X(91)90029-J"},{"key":"S0031182000075259_ref002","first-page":"281","article-title":"HLA and filariasis in Sri Lankans and Indians","volume":"15","author":"Chan","year":"1984","journal-title":"Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health"},{"key":"S0031182000075259_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1990.42.56"},{"key":"S0031182000075259_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/154.1.10"},{"key":"S0031182000075259_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(84)90309-2"},{"key":"S0031182000075259_ref021","first-page":"205","article-title":"Familial predisposition to filarial infection \u2013 not linked to HLA-A or -B locus specificities","volume":"38","author":"Ottesen","year":"1981","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"S0031182000075259_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1989.41.9"},{"key":"S0031182000075259_ref020","first-page":"407","volume-title":"Tropical and Geographical Medicine","author":"Ottesen","year":"1990"},{"key":"S0031182000075259_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.me.43.020192.002221"},{"key":"S0031182000075259_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2707","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.134.4.2707","article-title":"Prominence of IgG4 in the IgG antibody response to human filariasis","volume":"134","author":"Ottesen","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"S0031182000075259_ref024","first-page":"413","article-title":"Specific cellular immune unresponsiveness in human filariasis","volume":"33","author":"Ottesen","year":"1977","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"S0031182000075259_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1978.27.910"},{"key":"S0031182000075259_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI109648"},{"key":"S0031182000075259_ref029","first-page":"305","article-title":"Successful development of Brugia pahangi in T-cell deprived CBA mice","volume":"38","author":"Suswillo","year":"1981","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"S0031182000075259_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(89)90399-4"},{"key":"S0031182000075259_ref034","first-page":"343","article-title":"Characterization of immunosuppressive proteins of Brugia malayi microfilariae","volume":"44","author":"Wadee","year":"1987","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"S0031182000075259_ref035","first-page":"181","article-title":"Filariasis in American armed forces in World War II","volume":"12","author":"Wartman","year":"1947","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"S0031182000075259_ref036","unstructured":"World Health Organization (1984). Filariasis \u2013 Report of the Fourth Expert Committee. World Health Organization Technical Report Series No. 702, p. 112."},{"key":"S0031182000075259_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.148.9.2731","article-title":"Control of allergic reactivity in human filariasis: Predominant localization of blocking antibody to the IgG4 subclass","author":"Hussain","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"}],"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0031182000075259","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,9]],"date-time":"2025-02-09T18:22:49Z","timestamp":1739125369000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0031182000075259\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1992,6]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031182000075259"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182000075259","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-1820","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1992,6]]}}}