{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T20:24:35Z","timestamp":1759091075785},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,6]],"date-time":"2009-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1238976000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":6153,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A major question in the study of any parasitic disease is the relationship between infection and clinical disease. The public health importance of lymphatic filariasis has generated a large body of research in this area, both in laboratory studies (Ottesen, 1984,1989; Maizels &amp; Lawrence, 1991) and in the field (Hayashi, 1962; Hairston &amp; Jachowski, 1968; Denham &amp; McGreevy, 1977; Vanamail <jats:italic>et al.<\/jats:italic> 1989 b; Bundy, Grenfell &amp; Rajagopalan, 1991; Srividya <jats:italic>et al.<\/jats:italic> 1991 <jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>). Despite this, there is still no conclusive explanation for the apparently complex relationship between infection and clinical disease observed in human communities. At least part of the problem may lie in the current impossibility of measuring adult worm burden in vivo (Pichon <jats:italic>et al.<\/jats:italic> 1980; Denham &amp; Fletcher, 1987; Das <jats:italic>et al.<\/jats:italic> 1990; Grenfell <jats:italic>et al.<\/jats:italic> 1990). Although there has recently been significant progress in the development of immuno logical markers for infection status in humans (Ottesen, 1989; Day <jats:italic>et al.<\/jats:italic> 1991 <jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic>), microfilaraemia is still the most reliable measure of current infection in the field. Studies in endemic areas indicate that, far from there being any simple direct relationship between microfilaraemia and disease status, it is possible to find some individuals with microfilariae in their blood but no disease, and indeed with all other combinations of infection and disease status (Hairston &amp; de-Meillon, 1968; Hairston &amp; Jachowski, 1968; Beaver, 1970; Bryan &amp; Southgate, 1976; Denham &amp; McGreevy, 1977; Pani <jats:italic>et al.<\/jats:italic> 1991). Furthermore, the proportions of people in different categories are often observed to vary between endemic areas (Denham &amp; McGreevy, 1977; Day <jats:italic>et al.<\/jats:italic> 1991 <jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic>).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182000075260","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,5]],"date-time":"2009-06-05T14:20:23Z","timestamp":1244211623000},"page":"S81-S90","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Infection and disease in lymphatic filariasis: an epidemiological approach"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"B. 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