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The outcome of drug administration\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    varies with timing of treatment relative to infection, route of administration, dose and number of treatments applied. CsA is clearly antiparasitic against malaria, schistosomes, adult tapeworms, metacestodes and filarial nematodes. By contrast, it acts as an immunomodulator against trypanosomes and\n                    <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>\n                    , by exacerbating infection; in the case of\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. the drug acts variously. In some other infections CsA acts both as an antiparasite drug and as an immunosuppressant (\n                    <jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                    , avian coccidiosis and gastrointestinal nematodes).\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182000075338","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,5]],"date-time":"2009-06-05T10:16:02Z","timestamp":1244196962000},"page":"S25-S40","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Cyclosporin A: antiparasite drug, modulator of the host-parasite relationship and immunosuppressant"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"L. H.","family":"Chappell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. 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