{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T22:57:56Z","timestamp":1790981876288,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,6]],"date-time":"2009-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1238976000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":6305,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>The immune status of a host infected with<jats:italic>Trypanosoma<\/jats:italic>spp. or<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>spp. can play an important role in successful chemotherapy. In animal models, treatment of African trypanosomiasis with difluoromethylornithine or melarsoprol requires an appropriate antibody-mediated immune response. An intact immune system is also necessary for rapid clearance of trypanosomes from the bloodstream following treatment with suramin or quinapyramine. Similarly, an efficient cell-mediated immune response is required for maximal efficacy of pentavalent antimonials in the treatment of leishmaniasis. However, the potential relationship between parasite-induced or acquired immunosuppression and effective chemotherapy has been poorly studied. Macrophages which have been activated by bacterial cell wall components or gamma-interferon are known to display increased activity against<jats:italic>Leishmania donovani<\/jats:italic>or<jats:italic>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/jats:italic>. In experimental and clinical visceral leishmaniasis, use of macrophage activators together with pentavalent antimonials has lowered the dose of antimony required to cure the infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182000075375","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,5]],"date-time":"2009-06-05T14:16:02Z","timestamp":1244211362000},"page":"S71-S78","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Interactions between immunity and chemotherapy in the treatment of the trypanosomiases and leishmaniases"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"B. J.","family":"Berger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. 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