{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]],"date-time":"2024-06-24T18:35:56Z","timestamp":1719254156760},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,6]],"date-time":"2009-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1238976000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":5362,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>The severity of the trypanosomiasis problem in a particular location is traditionally assessed in terms of a challenge index \u2013 the product of some measure of tsetse abundance and infection rate \u2013 which is assumed to be proportional to the force of infection. However, this index masks variation in the force of infection between herds and among individuals within herds. It is also not comparable between sites since the relative abundance of tsetse to hosts may vary. We have studied spatial distribution of herds of cattle in relation to tsetse in The Gambia and calculated an index of challenge based on the ratio of vectors to hosts over the livestock ranging area. This index is strongly correlated with estimates of the force of infection calculated from the incidence of infection in susceptible zebu; and it provides information on heterogeneity in exposure of different herds to tsetse.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182000076265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,5]],"date-time":"2009-06-05T09:55:23Z","timestamp":1244195723000},"page":"149-162","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Tsetse\u2013trypanosomiasis challenge to village N'Dama cattle in The Gambia: field assessments of spatial and temporal patterns of tsetse\u2013cattle contact and the risk of trypanosomiasis infection"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"T. J.","family":"Wacher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P. J. M.","family":"Milligan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Rawlings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"W. F.","family":"Snow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182000076265_ref018","first-page":"293","article-title":"Relationships between tsetse challenge and trypanosome prevalence in trypanotolerant and susceptible cattle","volume":"11","author":"Leak","year":"1990","journal-title":"Insect Science and its Application"},{"key":"S0031182000076265_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-706X(90)90052-2"},{"key":"S0031182000076265_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003356100004864"},{"key":"S0031182000076265_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(77)90110-9"},{"key":"S0031182000076265_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1991.0095"},{"key":"S0031182000076265_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4320(91)90065-8"},{"key":"S0031182000076265_ref026","first-page":"61","volume-title":"Report of the Expert Consultation on Research on Trypanosomiases","author":"Rogers","year":"1980"},{"key":"S0031182000076265_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(86)90199-9"},{"key":"S0031182000076265_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2404359"},{"key":"S0031182000076265_ref028","first-page":"5","article-title":"Trypanosomiasis \u201arisk\u2019 or \u201achallenge\u2019 a review","volume":"42","author":"Rogers","year":"1985","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"S0031182000076265_ref006","first-page":"61","volume-title":"EATRO Report for Jan\u2013Dec. 1958","author":"Cawdery","year":"1959"},{"key":"S0031182000076265_ref031","first-page":"63","article-title":"Some factors concerned in trypanosome challenge","author":"Smith","year":"1958","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 7th Meeting of the International Scientific Committee on Trypanosomiasis Research"},{"key":"S0031182000076265_ref034","first-page":"97","article-title":"The complement fixation test for the species identification of bloodmeals from tsetse flies","volume":"32","author":"Staak","year":"1981","journal-title":"Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie"},{"key":"S0031182000076265_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000064325"},{"key":"S0031182000076265_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-93161-1_15"},{"key":"S0031182000076265_ref011","unstructured":"Dwinger R. 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Proceedings of the 6th International Conference of Institutes for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 1989, pp. 169\u2013172."},{"key":"S0031182000076265_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(91)78322-7"},{"key":"S0031182000076265_ref029","first-page":"379","article-title":"Production and evaluation of specific antisera against sera of various vertebrate species for identification of bloodmeals of Glossina morsitans centralis","volume":"43","author":"Rurangirwa","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"S0031182000076265_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(86)90082-7"},{"key":"S0031182000076265_ref033","first-page":"331","article-title":"A quantification of the risk of trypanosomiasis infection to cattle on the south Kenya coast","volume":"40","author":"Snow","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"S0031182000076265_ref010","first-page":"363","article-title":"The range of attraction of the biconical trap for Glossina pallidipes and Glossina brevipalpis","volume":"5","author":"Dransfield","year":"1984","journal-title":"Insect Science and its Application"},{"key":"S0031182000076265_ref017","volume-title":"Livestock Production in Tsetse Affected Areas of Africa","author":"Leak","year":"1988"},{"key":"S0031182000076265_ref005","volume-title":"Annual Report 1990","author":"Baylis","year":"1990"},{"key":"S0031182000076265_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485300049956"},{"key":"S0031182000076265_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.1992.tb00611.x"},{"key":"S0031182000076265_ref027","first-page":"369","article-title":"The estimation of sampling biases for male tsetse","volume":"5","author":"Rogers","year":"1984","journal-title":"Insect Science and its Application"},{"key":"S0031182000076265_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4197"},{"key":"S0031182000076265_ref030","volume-title":"Trypanotolerant Livestock and Development in West and Central Africa","author":"Shaw","year":"1987"},{"key":"S0031182000076265_ref032","first-page":"187","article-title":"Estimates of the numbers of trypanosome-infected tsetse biting cattle in The Gambia","author":"Snow","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 20th Meeting of the International Scientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research and Control"},{"key":"S0031182000076265_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1993.11812804"},{"key":"S0031182000076265_ref035","first-page":"70","volume-title":"The African Trypanotolerant Network: Livestock Production in Tsetse Affected Areas of Africa","author":"Wacher","year":"1988"},{"key":"S0031182000076265_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00345312"},{"key":"S0031182000076265_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-706X(92)90078-C"},{"key":"S0031182000076265_ref004","first-page":"129","article-title":"Productivity and health parameters of small ruminants in villages in The Gambia","volume":"39","author":"Agyemang","year":"1991","journal-title":"Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa"},{"key":"S0031182000076265_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02243497"},{"key":"S0031182000076265_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1992.tb00473.x"},{"key":"S0031182000076265_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485300014905"},{"key":"S0031182000076265_ref020","unstructured":"Milligan P. J. M. (1991). Population dynamics of trypanosomiasis. Ph.D. thesis, University of Salford."}],"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0031182000076265","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,14]],"date-time":"2019-05-14T23:25:22Z","timestamp":1557876322000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0031182000076265\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1994,8]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031182000076265"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182000076265","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-1820","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1994,8]]}}}