{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T18:17:59Z","timestamp":1781720279371,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,6]],"date-time":"2009-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1238976000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":5240,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A chloroform extract of molluscicidal plant secondary compounds from the seeds of a West African legume<jats:italic>Millettia thonningii<\/jats:italic>was used to attenuate cercariae of<jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>prior to infection of NMRI female mice. Exposure of cercariae to 0\u00b73, 0\u00b76, 1\u00b73, 2\u00b75, 10 or 20 mg\/l concentrations of extract for 30 mm, immediately before standardized infection, was associated with a concentration-dependent decline in worm establishment at 55 days post-infection. The mean numbers of adult worms established declined from about 17 worms\/mouse with control cercariae and those exposed to 0\u00b73 mg\/l<jats:italic>Millettia<\/jats:italic>to 0\u00b71 worms\/mouse after 10 mg\/l pre-treatment. Mice exposed to cercariae after 20 mg\/l pre-treatment had no adult worms at 55 days post-infection. The activities of cercariae 30 mm after exposure to<jats:italic>Millettia<\/jats:italic>extract at concentrations up to 2\u00b75 mg\/l were similar to those of control larvae: none was immobile. Exposure to higher concentrations of<jats:italic>Millettia<\/jats:italic>progressively reduced swimming activity and increased the proportion of immobile cercariae. After pretreatment with 20 mg\/l<jats:italic>Millettia<\/jats:italic>the majority of larvae were immobile. Levels of anti-parasite antibodies (estimated by ELISA assay using an adult worm-based antigen preparation) rose between 21 and 55 days p.i. with control cercariae and those pre-treated with 2\u00b75 mg\/l<jats:italic>Millettia<\/jats:italic>. After 5 mg\/l pre-treatment, cercariae induced a reduced antibody rise, while mice exposed to cercariae after 10 mg\/l pre-treatment showed no rise in anti-parasite antibody levels. These results are discussed in the context of protocols which could possibly use<jats:italic>Millettia<\/jats:italic>-attenuated cercariae to induce useful levels of protection in mice towards further cercarial challenge.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182000076435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,5]],"date-time":"2009-06-05T13:51:56Z","timestamp":1244209916000},"page":"559-563","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Attenuation of<i>Schistosoma mansoni<\/i>cercariae with a molluscicide derived from<i>Millettia thonningii<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"S.","family":"Perrett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. J.","family":"Whitfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Bartlett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Sanderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182000076435_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(87)90231-8"},{"key":"S0031182000076435_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000051027"},{"key":"S0031182000076435_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000079701"},{"key":"S0031182000076435_ref015","first-page":"409","article-title":"Detection of antibodies by enzyme immunoassay in human Schistosoma mansoni infections: a clinical and chemotherapeutic study","volume":"29","author":"Salih","year":"1978","journal-title":"Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie"},{"key":"S0031182000076435_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000076745"},{"key":"S0031182000076435_ref018","first-page":"505","article-title":"Fish toxicity of the molluscicidal seeds of Millettia thonningii (Leguminosae: Papilionideae): impact on Tilapia nilotica\/aurea hybrids and Ctenopharyngodon idella","volume":"203","author":"Squire","year":"1989","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Studies"},{"key":"S0031182000076435_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(90)90012-2"},{"key":"S0031182000076435_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000053294"},{"key":"S0031182000076435_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(86)90340-8"},{"key":"S0031182000076435_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000051015"},{"key":"S0031182000076435_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.143.3.989","article-title":"Characteristics of protective immunity in mice induced by drug-attenuated larvae of Schistosoma mansoni","volume":"143","author":"Mountford","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"S0031182000076435_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1983.32.367"},{"key":"S0031182000076435_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000053440"},{"key":"S0031182000076435_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.2650030310"},{"key":"S0031182000076435_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1978.27.76"},{"key":"S0031182000076435_ref013","unstructured":"Perrett S. (1994). Studies on some antiparasitic secondary compounds from traditional medicinal plants. Ph.D. thesis, University of London."},{"key":"S0031182000076435_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1990.tb00989.x"},{"key":"S0031182000076435_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000059643"},{"key":"S0031182000076435_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(90)90027-K"},{"key":"S0031182000076435_ref020","first-page":"466","article-title":"A role for CD4+ but not CD8+ T cell in immunity to Schistosoma mansoni induced by 20 krad-irradiated and Ro 11\u20133128-terminated infections","volume":"67","author":"Vignali","year":"1989","journal-title":"Immunology"}],"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0031182000076435","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]],"date-time":"2024-03-14T08:59:10Z","timestamp":1710406750000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0031182000076435\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1994,12]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031182000076435"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182000076435","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-1820","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1994,12]]}}}