{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,9]],"date-time":"2025-02-09T23:40:12Z","timestamp":1739144412197,"version":"3.37.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,6]],"date-time":"2009-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1238976000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":5758,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Immunization of chimpanzees with radiation-attenuated infective 3rd-stage larvae (L3) of<jats:italic>Onchocerca volvulus<\/jats:italic>did not induce strong protective immunity against a subsequent challenge infection; only 1 out of 4 immunized animals remained non-patent (i.e. microfilariae-negative) after challenge, and may have been protected. However, during immunization and before challenge, a broad range of adult<jats:italic>O. volvulus<\/jats:italic>-derived antigens (OvAg) and also uterus-derived OvAg were recognized by circulating antibodies; moreover, the repertory of antigens recognized increased further in subsequently patent animals after challenge, particularly in the range of<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>r<\/jats:sub>12\u201342 kDa. In the immunized and non-patent chimpanzee, by contrast, serological recognition of uterus-derived OvAg with<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>r<\/jats:sub>14 kDa and 105 kDa disappeared by 19 months post-challenge (p.c.). During immunization,<jats:italic>Acanthocheilonema viteae<\/jats:italic>L3 antigens of<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>r<\/jats:sub>11\u201312 kDa were strongly recognized only by the non-patent animal, suggesting that recognition of these antigens may have supported resistance to the subsequent challenge infection. In immunized chimpanzees, a substantial increase in the cellular reactivity to OvAg was induced; this, however, declined by 19 months p.c. to levels similar to those seen prior to immunization. At that time, 3 out of 4 immunized animals were patently infected. The effect of exogenous cytokines on<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>-reactivity of PBMC to OvAg was examined. Addition of exogenous IL-2 alone, IFN-\u03b3 alone, and IFN-\u03b3 in combination with IL-2, did not augment net cellular responses to OvAg by PBMC from infected and control chimpanzees. In the presence of IL-4 alone, IL-6 alone, IL-2 with IL-4, IL-2 with IL-4 and IFN-\u03b3, or IL-2 with IL-4 and IL-6, the net cellular reactivity to OvAg increased significantly in patent chimpanzees and reached levels similar to non-patent animals. Thus, non-patent chimpanzees maintain high cellular reactivity to OvAg and<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>cellular unresponsiveness to OvAg on the part of patent chimpanzees is reversible after addition of several cytokines which act individually or synergistically.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182000079440","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,5]],"date-time":"2009-06-05T14:10:39Z","timestamp":1244211039000},"page":"87-97","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Experimental onchocerciasis in chimpanzees: cellular responses and antigen recognition after immunization and challenge with<i>Onchocerca volvulus<\/i>infective third-stage larvae"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"C. G. K.","family":"L\u00fcder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P. 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