{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T10:34:42Z","timestamp":1761647682138},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,6]],"date-time":"2009-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1238976000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":7614,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty-seven stocks of <jats:italic>Nannomonas<\/jats:italic> trypanosomes isolated from livestock in 1982 on a ranch at Kilifi on the Kenyan coast were characterized by isoenzyme electrophoresis and by the abilities of the parasite's DNA to hybridize to two repetitive sequence DNA probes. Allthe Kilifi stocks which were examined had isoenzyme patterns which were markedly different from the 75 patterns previously described from 78 stocks of <jats:italic>Trypanosoma congolense<\/jats:italic>. On average only 15% of the enzyme bands present in the Kilifi stocks were present in those stocks of <jats:italic>T. congolense<\/jats:italic> which had previously been surveyed for isoenzymes. The DNA from all the Kilifi stocks which had been examined for isoenzymes hybridized with only the repetitive sequence probe isolated from a clone of a Kilifi stock. In contrast, the DNA from all 27 Kilifi stocks failed to hybridize with a repetitive sequence probe isolated from a clone from a different stock of <jats:italic>T. congolense<\/jats:italic>. Thus, the trypanosomes in all the Kilifi stocks examined were both phenotypically and genotypically discrete. These genetically discrete trypanosomes have also been detected in 2 stocks isolated from livestock from another location on the Kenyan coast. The results show that there is a wide range of genetic heterogeneity within the trypanosomes currently classified as <jats:italic>T. congolense<\/jats:italic>. We suggest that the limits of this genetic heterogeneity could represent incipient speciation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182000080100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,5]],"date-time":"2009-06-05T12:08:59Z","timestamp":1244203739000},"page":"461-474","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Genetically discrete populations of <i>Trypanosoma congolense<\/i> from livestock on the Kenyan coast"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"G.","family":"Knowles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Betschart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B. A.","family":"Kukla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. R.","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P. A. O.","family":"Majiwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182000080100_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1983.11811740"},{"key":"S0031182000080100_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3307","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1985.tb04081.x","article-title":"Trypanosoma (N annomonas) congolense: identification of two karyotypic groups","volume":"4","author":"Majiwa","year":"1985","journal-title":"The EMBO Journal"},{"key":"S0031182000080100_ref019","first-page":"67","article-title":"Epidemiology of animal trypanosomiasis on a cattle ranch in Kilifi, Kenya","volume":"44","author":"Paling","year":"1987","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"S0031182000080100_ref002","unstructured":"Gashumba J. K. , (1985). Trypanosoma congolense: The distribution of enzymic variants in East Africa. Ph.D. thesis, University of London."},{"key":"S0031182000080100_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60400-5"},{"key":"S0031182000080100_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(70)90120-7"},{"key":"S0031182000080100_ref021","first-page":"199","article-title":"The probability of tsetse acquiring trypanosome infection from a single blood meal in different localities in Kenya","volume":"42","author":"Tarimo","year":"1985","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"S0031182000080100_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/287536a0"},{"key":"S0031182000080100_ref008","first-page":"69","article-title":"Species \u2014 characteristic isoenzymes of two aminotransferases","volume":"244","author":"Kilgour","year":"1973","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"S0031182000080100_ref004","first-page":"15","article-title":"A preliminary comparison of Trypanosoma simiae and T. congolense by isoenzyme electrophoresis","volume":"43","author":"Gashumba","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"S0031182000080100_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-7368(68)70449-7"},{"key":"S0031182000080100_ref006","first-page":"335","article-title":"The identification of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in Liberian pigs and dogs by isoenzymes and by resistance to human plasma","volume":"29","author":"Gibson","year":"1978","journal-title":"Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie"},{"key":"S0031182000080100_ref001","volume-title":"Practical Nonparametric Statistics","author":"Conover","year":"1971"},{"key":"S0031182000080100_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000051465"},{"key":"S0031182000080100_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000057498"},{"key":"S0031182000080100_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000057978"},{"key":"S0031182000080100_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)30561-7","article-title":"Two enzymically distinct stocks of Trypanosoma congolense","volume":"40","author":"Gashumba","year":"1986","journal-title":"Research in Veterinary Science"},{"key":"S0031182000080100_ref011","volume-title":"Molecular Cloning: a Laboratory Manual","author":"Maniatis","year":"1982"},{"key":"S0031182000080100_ref015","unstructured":"Maloo S. H. , Kimotho P. G. , Chema S. , Koskey J. , Trail J. C. M. , & Murray M. , (1985). Health and productivity of East African Zebu under village management in a tsetse infested area of the Coast of Kenya. International Scientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research and Control. OAU\/STRC 182\u201387."},{"key":"S0031182000080100_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(77)90110-9"},{"key":"S0031182000080100_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000054007"},{"key":"S0031182000080100_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/322173a0"},{"key":"S0031182000080100_ref017","first-page":"113","article-title":"Epidemiological studies on the animal reservoir of gambiense sleeping sickness. Part IV Characterisation of Trypanozoon stocks by isoenzymes and sensitivity to human serum","volume":"23","author":"Mehlitz","year":"1982","journal-title":"Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie"}],"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0031182000080100","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,20]],"date-time":"2019-05-20T15:43:17Z","timestamp":1558366997000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0031182000080100\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1988,6]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031182000080100"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182000080100","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-1820","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1988,6]]}}}