{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T04:22:09Z","timestamp":1788668529257,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,6]],"date-time":"2009-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1238976000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":7614,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,6]]},"abstract":"SUMMARY<\/jats:title>The first rigorous proof applicable to the migration pathway of an infective juvenile macroparasite inside its host is presented. Third-stage larvae of a homogonic strain of Strongyloides ratti<\/jats:italic> applied in exact doses of less than 20 to the skin of the flank of young rats were recovered 16\u201340 h later in the naso-frontal part of the head. The peak proportion of the dose recovered between 20 and 25 h in this site had a mean value of 0\u00b7316 \u00b1 0\u00b7021 in 48 animals. In 40 other rats infected simultaneously the mean proportion of the dose that reached the small intestine was at least 0\u00b7837+0\u00b7013. Proof resides in verification of the inequality > 1. With appropriate statistical tests the excess of the sum of the means of these two proportions over unity is shown to have a probability of occurring by chance of 1 in 3\u00b75 \u00d7 106<\/jats:sup>. Thus it is effectively certain that the naso-frontal portion of the head is part of at least one pathway taken by this parasite on its way from the skin to the intestine of its host. By suitable protection of the infection site it was confirmed that migration to the head was achieved by an internal route and not as a result of grooming. Larvae were recovered from the cranium in the same rats over the period 15\u201340 h, but the peak proportion of the dose occurred at 20 h, and < in this location. Whether the cranium is also part of the pathway is therefore still undecided. The significance of this novel analysis in the general context of in-host migration of infective stages is discussed and it is concluded, following its application to data sets from other authors, that the only cases in which proof can be demonstrated are the anterior skull of the rat for S. ratti<\/jats:italic> (present data) and the lung of the same host for Nippostrongylus brasiliensis<\/jats:italic> (Twohy, 1956).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182000080185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,5]],"date-time":"2009-06-05T12:08:59Z","timestamp":1244203739000},"page":"551-563","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Criteria for a proof of migration routes of immature parasites inside hosts exemplified by studies of Strongyloides ratti<\/i> in the rat"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"N. R.","family":"Tindall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. A. G.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182000080185_ref009","first-page":"361","article-title":"Growth and morphological changes of Strongyloides ratti in rats","volume":"31","author":"Mimori","year":"1982","journal-title":"Japanese Journal of Parasitology"},{"key":"S0031182000080185_ref013","first-page":"219","article-title":"Migration route of Strongyloides ratti in albino rats","volume":"28","author":"Tada","year":"1979","journal-title":"Japanese Journal of Parasitology"},{"key":"S0031182000080185_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000080458"},{"key":"S0031182000080185_ref006","first-page":"207","article-title":"The histopathology of experimental strongyloidiasis","volume":"99","author":"Genta","year":"1980","journal-title":"American Journal of Pathology"},{"key":"S0031182000080185_ref012","volume-title":"Foundations of Parasitology","author":"Schmidt","year":"1985"},{"key":"S0031182000080185_ref004","first-page":"182","article-title":"Untersuchungen \u00fcber den Infektionsweg bei Strongyloides und Ancylostomen und die Biologie dieser Parasiten","volume":"18","author":"F\u00fclleborn","year":"1914","journal-title":"Archiv f\u00fcr Schiffs- und Tropenhygiene"},{"key":"S0031182000080185_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X00008300"},{"key":"S0031182000080185_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3275991"},{"key":"S0031182000080185_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X00009950"},{"key":"S0031182000080185_ref005","first-page":"569","article-title":"Untersuchungen \u00fcber den Infektionsweg bei Strongyloides und Ancylostomen","volume":"15","author":"F\u00fclleborn","year":"1911","journal-title":"Vorl\u00e4ufige Mitteilung. Archiv f\u00fcr Schiffs- und Tropenhygiene"},{"key":"S0031182000080185_ref002","first-page":"317","article-title":"[Studies on the intestinal threadworms \u2014 Strongyloides \u2014 the occurrence of Strongyloides ratti in the host body] (Abstract)","volume":"133","author":"Abe","year":"1964","journal-title":"Japanese Journal of Parasitology"},{"key":"S0031182000080185_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(81)90097-7"},{"key":"S0031182000080185_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1983.32.785"},{"key":"S0031182000080185_ref008","volume-title":"Statistical Methods in the Biological and Health Sciences","author":"Milton","year":"1983"},{"key":"S0031182000080185_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1980.tb00040.x"},{"key":"S0031182000080185_ref014","first-page":"165","article-title":"The early migration of Nippostrongylus muris in the rat","volume":"63","author":"Twohy","year":"1956","journal-title":"American Journal of Hygiene"},{"key":"S0031182000080185_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3276249"},{"key":"S0031182000080185_ref016","first-page":"459","volume-title":"Aspects of Parasitology","author":"Wilson","year":"1983"},{"key":"S0031182000080185_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000056316"},{"key":"S0031182000080185_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000063113"},{"key":"S0031182000080185_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(80)90044-2"}],"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0031182000080185","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,20]],"date-time":"2019-05-20T15:44:02Z","timestamp":1558367042000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0031182000080185\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1988,6]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031182000080185"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182000080185","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-1820","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1988,6]]}}}