{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,3]],"date-time":"2022-04-03T17:17:28Z","timestamp":1649006248163},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,6]],"date-time":"2009-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1238976000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":7735,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine if, as is the case with<jats:italic>Trypanosoma brucei<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>T. congolense<\/jats:italic>, serodemes of<jats:italic>T. vivax<\/jats:italic>could be distinguished on the basis of immunity to the metacyclic stages of the parasite, attempts were made to immunize goats by infection with infected tsetse, followed by chemotherapy or eventual \u2018self-cure\u2019. Thirty goats were infected by tsetse with either clones or stocks of<jats:italic>T. vivax<\/jats:italic>from East or West Africa. Twenty-four goats were treated with diminazene aceturate (Berenil, Hoechst A.G.) 2\u20136 weeks after infection and 6 goats were allowed to self-cure. Infection, followed by treatment, induced immunity to a first homologous challenge by infected tsetse in only 2 of 24 goats (one immune to the East African stock, and the other to a clone of the West African stock). Immunity to a clone of the East African stock was induced in 3 or 4 animals after a second infection and treatment and in the fourth animal of the group following a third infection and treatment. One of 2 goats infected with the clone of the East African stock was immune to challenge at 16 weeks, following self-cure without treatment, and 1 of 4 goats infected with the parent stock was similarly immune when challenged at 40 weeks post-infection. Goats susceptible to infection with East African<jats:italic>T. vivax<\/jats:italic>showed evidence of partial immunity by delayed pre-patent periods and depressed parasitaemias after challenge. Goats infected with the relatively more virulent West African<jats:italic>T. vivax<\/jats:italic>were, however, completely susceptible to infection after homologous challenge, and showed only a slight delay in pre-patent period. A similar result was obtained in a further 8 goats primed and challenged by large numbers of tsetse (20 or 100 infected tsetse\/goat) with the West African<jats:italic>T. vivax<\/jats:italic>. In further experiments using a very short treatment interval, infections following challenge were clearly shown to be the result of a lack of immunity rather than relapse following treatment. Lytic antibody activity to cultured metacyclic trypanosomes could not be detected during infection but such activity against bloodstream forms was detected after 2 weeks of infection. It is suggested that the primary reason for the erratic induction of immunity to<jats:italic>T. vivax<\/jats:italic>employing this methodology is the low number of metacyclics transmitted by infected tsetse, and thus poor antigenic stimulus encountered by goats upon tsetse challenge.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182000081634","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,5]],"date-time":"2009-06-05T16:11:33Z","timestamp":1244218293000},"page":"25-36","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Susceptibility of goats to tsetse-transmitted challenge with<i>Trypanosoma vivax<\/i>from East and West Africa"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"G. J.","family":"Vos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. K.","family":"Moloo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P. R.","family":"Gardiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182000081634_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118200006546X"},{"key":"S0031182000081634_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(83)90036-X"},{"key":"S0031182000081634_ref014","first-page":"6A","article-title":"Complete cyclic development of Trypanosoma vivax n vitro","volume":"30","author":"Hirumi","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of Protozoology"},{"key":"S0031182000081634_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000062284"},{"key":"S0031182000081634_ref028","first-page":"384","article-title":"The haematocrit centrifuge technique for the diagnosis of African trypanosomiasis","volume":"27","author":"Woo","year":"1970","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"S0031182000081634_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000000585"},{"key":"S0031182000081634_ref007","unstructured":"Dwinger R. H. (1985 a). Susceptibility of buffaloes, cattle and goats to tsetse-transmitted infection with different stocks of Trypanosoma vivax. In Studies on the Early Pathogenesis of African Trypanosomiasis in Ruminants. Ph.D. thesis, pp. 107\u201332. University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands."},{"key":"S0031182000081634_ref019","first-page":"103","volume-title":"Immunology and Pathogenesis of Trypanosomiasis","author":"Morrison","year":"1985"},{"key":"S0031182000081634_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000000573"},{"key":"S0031182000081634_ref008","unstructured":"Dwinger R. H. (1985 b). Potential value of localized skin reactions (chancres) induced by tsetse infected with Trypanosoma congolense for the analysis of serodemes. In Studies on the Early Pathogenesis of African Trypanosomiasis in Ruminants. Ph.D. thesis, pp. 161\u201380. University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands."},{"key":"S0031182000081634_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(76)90027-8"},{"key":"S0031182000081634_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000063447"},{"key":"S0031182000081634_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000001128"},{"key":"S0031182000081634_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1982.tb00451.x"},{"key":"S0031182000081634_ref025","first-page":"307","article-title":"A comparative evaluation of the parasitological techniques currently available for the diagnosis of African trypanosomiasis in cattle","volume":"37","author":"Paris","year":"1982","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"S0031182000081634_ref009","first-page":"345","volume-title":"The Host Invader Interplay","author":"Emery","year":"1980"},{"key":"S0031182000081634_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000050964"},{"key":"S0031182000081634_ref012","first-page":"41","article-title":"Antigenic variation during the developmental cycle of Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"31","author":"Hajduk","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of Protozoology"},{"key":"S0031182000081634_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1979.11687300"},{"key":"S0031182000081634_ref006","unstructured":"de Gee A. L. W. (1980). An attempt to immunise against Trypanosoma vivax by cyclical infection followed by treatment. In Host-parasite Relationships in Trypanosoma (Duttonella) vivax with Special Reference to the Influence of Antigenic Variation. Ph.D. thesis, pp. 113\u201336. University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands."},{"key":"S0031182000081634_ref013","unstructured":"Hirumi H. , Hirumi K. , Nelson R. T. , Moloo S. K. & Nantulya V. M. (1985). Present status of the in vitro cultivation of salivarian trypanosomes with special emphasis on the semi-large scale propagation of metacyclic forms. In International Scientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research and Control, Publication No. 113. Pp. 102\u20133."},{"key":"S0031182000081634_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-8855-9_12"},{"key":"S0031182000081634_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000063460"},{"key":"S0031182000081634_ref015","first-page":"35","article-title":"Comparisons of antigenic types of Trypanosoma (T) brucei strains transmitted by Glossina m. morsitans","volume":"34","author":"Jenni","year":"1977","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"S0031182000081634_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.54.2.444-447.1986","article-title":"Apparent exhaustion of the variable antigenic repertoire of Trypanosoma vivax in infected cattle","volume":"54","author":"Nantulya","year":"1986","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"S0031182000081634_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/306389a0"},{"key":"S0031182000081634_ref026","first-page":"55","article-title":"Enzyme immunoassays in diagnostic medicine","volume":"53","author":"Voller","year":"1976","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"S0031182000081634_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1985.11811969"}],"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0031182000081634","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]],"date-time":"2020-05-19T07:09:37Z","timestamp":1589872177000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0031182000081634\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1988,2]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031182000081634"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182000081634","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-1820","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1988,2]]}}}