{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T09:08:45Z","timestamp":1762160925781},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,23]],"date-time":"2011-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1314057600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":9883,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1984,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>Many parasitic diseases are accompanied by an immunosuppression which may affect only parasite-specific responses in some infections or lead to a general dysfunction of the immune system in others. African trypanosomiasis causes a particularly severe disorder of the immune system and this serves as a model system for analysis of the cellular basis of a parasite-induced general immune dysfunction affecting nearly all T- or B-lymphoid cell subpopulations. The nature of the parasite products causing havoc in the immune system may well vary in different infections and still remains to be defined. Trypanosome membrane fractions are active<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>or<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>but we have no evidence for a direct action on B- or T-cells.<jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>, both in man and mouse, T-cells are stimulated, but only in the presence of accessory cells. This points to the importance of host-derived immunosuppressive factors in the immune dysfunction. We have evidence that macrophages, after uptake of parasites in the presence of antibodies, are at least one target cell for parasite action. They can mediate immunosuppression and undergo changes in phenotype and mediator release during the course of infection. The macrophages show all the characteristic signs of activation, which can also be induced by other means and other infective agents such as BCG. Thus, macrophage activation would provide a common pathway for induction of a general immunosuppression in different infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182000085553","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,23]],"date-time":"2011-08-23T11:23:48Z","timestamp":1314098628000},"page":"633-638","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Interference in general immune function by parasite infections; African trypanosomiasis as a model system"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"B. A.","family":"Askonas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182000085553_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2776(08)60919-0"},{"key":"S0031182000085553_ref023","first-page":"615","article-title":"Activation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes by a trypanosome derived mitogen","volume":"45","author":"Selkirk","year":"1981","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Immunology"},{"key":"S0031182000085553_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830101216"},{"key":"S0031182000085553_ref019","first-page":"457","article-title":"Immune depression in trypanosome-infected mice. IV. Kinetics of suppression and alleviation by the trypanocidal drug Berenil","volume":"37","author":"Roelants","year":"1979","journal-title":"Clinial and Experimental Immunology"},{"key":"S0031182000085553_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2776(08)60803-2"},{"key":"S0031182000085553_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-8749(78)90094-1"},{"key":"S0031182000085553_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1979.tb00717.x"},{"key":"S0031182000085553_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.152.3.594"},{"key":"S0031182000085553_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-8749(81)90043-5"},{"key":"S0031182000085553_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.121.2.622","article-title":"Activation of distinct helper and suppressor T cells in experimental trypanosomiasis","volume":"121","author":"Jayawardena","year":"1978","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"S0031182000085553_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.36.1.160-168.1982","article-title":"Incubation of trypanosome-derived mitogenic and immunosuppressive products with peritoneal macrophages allows recovery of biological activities from soluble parasite fractions","volume":"36","author":"Sacks","year":"1982","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"S0031182000085553_ref010","first-page":"665","article-title":"Manipulation of the immune response in parasitic infections","volume":"88","author":"Howard","year":"1984","journal-title":"Parasite Evasion of the Immune Response. Parasitology"},{"key":"S0031182000085553_ref015","first-page":"167","volume-title":"Parasitic Diseases","volume":"1","author":"Mansfield","year":"1982"},{"key":"S0031182000085553_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.33.1.149-155.1981","article-title":"Macrophages as primary target cells and mediators of immune dysfunction in African trypanosomiasis","volume":"33","author":"Grosskinsky","year":"1981","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"S0031182000085553_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(74)92386-1"},{"key":"S0031182000085553_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198009113031106"},{"key":"S0031182000085553_ref004","first-page":"122","article-title":"Suppressor cells and loss of B-cell potential in mice infected with Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"29","author":"Corsini","year":"1977","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Immunology"},{"key":"S0031182000085553_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.28.3.824-831.1980","article-title":"Murine trypanosomiasis: cellular proliferation and functional depletion in the blood, peritoneum and spleen related to changes in bone marrow stem cells","volume":"28","author":"Clayton","year":"1980","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"S0031182000085553_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/283476a0"},{"key":"S0031182000085553_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/S0260-4639(22)00060-3","article-title":"Regulation of antibody production in protozoal infections","volume":"2","author":"Bancroft","year":"1982","journal-title":"Clinics in Immunology and Allergy"},{"key":"S0031182000085553_ref006","first-page":"137","volume-title":"Parasites in the Immunized Host: Mechanisms of Survival","author":"Greenwood","year":"1974"},{"key":"S0031182000085553_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1979.tb00694.x"},{"key":"S0031182000085553_ref005","unstructured":"Fierer J. , Salmon J. A. & Askonas B. A. (1984). African trypanosomiasis alters prostaglandin production by murine peritoneal macrophages. Clinical and Experimental Immunology (in the Press)."},{"key":"S0031182000085553_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.39.3.1080-1086.1983","article-title":"Macrophage activation in bovine African trypanosomiasis","volume":"39","author":"Grosskinsky","year":"1983","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"}],"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0031182000085553","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]],"date-time":"2023-06-08T22:54:31Z","timestamp":1686264871000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0031182000085553\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1984,8]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1984,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031182000085553"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182000085553","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-1820","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1984,8]]}}}