{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T12:48:46Z","timestamp":1791290926274,"version":"4.3.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,7,12]],"date-time":"2001-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":994896000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":41,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>African trypanosomes of the subgenera <jats:italic>Nannomonas<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Pycnomonas<\/jats:italic> have been recorded from both wild and domestic suids. However, complete descriptions of some of these trypanosomes with regard to host range, pathogenicity, transmission and distribution are still lacking. Neither the recently described <jats:italic>Trypanosoma (Nannomonas) godfreyi<\/jats:italic> nor <jats:italic>Trypanosoma (Nannomonas) congolense<\/jats:italic> Tsavo have been isolated from mammalian hosts, while <jats:italic>Trypanosoma (Pycnomonas) suis<\/jats:italic> remains the rarest of the Salivarian trypanosomes. The only isolate presumed to be of the latter species is maintained at the Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute, Nairobi. We present here the results of characterization of this isolate by morphology, tsetse transmission, the use of species-specific DNA probes and DNA sequence analysis. Morphology in stained blood smears revealed a small trypanosome with a free flagellum. Experimental transmission through <jats:italic>Glossina morsitans morsitans<\/jats:italic> showed a developmental cycle typical of subgenus <jats:italic>Nannomonas<\/jats:italic>. A positive identification was obtained with species-specific PCR primers for <jats:italic>T. congolense<\/jats:italic> Tsavo; moreover, the sequence of the SSU rRNA gene was almost identical to that of <jats:italic>T. congolense<\/jats:italic> Tsavo on database. In phylogenetic analysis of the SSU rRNA genes of Salivarian trypanosomes, <jats:italic>T. congolense<\/jats:italic> Tsavo grouped with <jats:italic>T. simiae<\/jats:italic> rather than <jats:italic>T. congolense<\/jats:italic>, suggesting that the name <jats:italic>T. simiae<\/jats:italic> Tsavo is more appropriate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182001007880","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T13:16:36Z","timestamp":1027775796000},"page":"625-631","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Unravelling the phylogenetic relationships of African trypanosomes of suids"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"122","author":[{"given":"W.\u00a0C.","family":"GIBSON","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.\u00a0R.","family":"STEVENS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.\u00a0M.\u00a0T.","family":"MWENDIA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.\u00a0N.","family":"MAKUMI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.\u00a0M.","family":"NGOTHO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.\u00a0M.","family":"NDUNG'U","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182001007880_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JANSSEN, J.\u00a0A.\u00a0H.\u00a0A. & WIJERS, D.\u00a0J.\u00a0B. (1974). Trypanosoma simiae at the Kenya coast. A correlation between virulence and the transmitting species of Glossina . Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 68, 5\u201319.","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1974.11686919"},{"key":"S0031182001007880_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MASIGA, D.\u00a0K. , MCNAMARA, J.\u00a0J. & GIBSON, W.\u00a0C. (1996b). A repetitive DNA sequence specific for Trypanosoma (Nannomonas) godfreyi . Veterinary Parasitology 62, 27\u201333.","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(95)00847-0"},{"key":"S0031182001007880_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761998000500019"},{"key":"S0031182001007880_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/22.22.4673"},{"key":"S0031182001007880_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MCNAMARA, J.\u00a0J. , MOHAMMED, G. & GIBSON, W.\u00a0C. (1994). Trypanosoma (Nannomonas) godfreyi sp. nov. from tsetse flies in the Gambia: biological and biochemical characterization. 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A new Nannomonas-type trypanosome: isolation, in vitro cultivation and partial characterization. Proceedings of the First International Congress of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine on Trends in the Management and Control of Tropical Diseases (ed. B. Sinniah), pp. 188\u2013190."},{"key":"S0031182001007880_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MCNAMARA, J.\u00a0J. , DUKES, P. , SNOW, W.\u00a0F. & GIBSON, W.\u00a0C. (1989). Use of DNA probes to identify Trypanosoma congolense and T. simiae in tsetse from The Gambia. 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Trypanosoma suis Ochmann, 1905, a porcine trypanosome from the Belgian Congo with metacyclic development in the salivary glands of Glossina . Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 48, 288."},{"key":"S0031182001007880_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000076770"},{"key":"S0031182001007880_ref019","unstructured":"STEPHEN, L.\u00a0E. (1986). Trypanosomiasis. A Veterinary Perspective . Pergamon Press, Oxford."},{"key":"S0031182001007880_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.1996.tb00756.x"},{"key":"S0031182001007880_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0890-8508(92)90022-P"},{"key":"S0031182001007880_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(95)02526-X"},{"key":"S0031182001007880_ref022","unstructured":"STEVENS, J.\u00a0R. , TEIXEIRA, M.\u00a0M.\u00a0G. , BINGLE, L.\u00a0E.\u00a0H. & GIBSON, W.\u00a0C. (1999b). The taxonomic position and evolutionary relationships of Trypanosoma rangeli . International Journal for Parasitology 29, 749\u2013757."},{"key":"S0031182001007880_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MASIGA, D.\u00a0K. , MCNAMARA, J.\u00a0J. , LAVEISSI\u00c8RE, C. , TRUC, P. & GIBSON, W.\u00a0C. (1996a). A high prevalence of mixed trypanosome infections in tsetse flies in Sinfra, C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, detected by DNA amplification. Parasitology 112, 75\u201380.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000065094"},{"key":"S0031182001007880_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"STEVENS, J.\u00a0R. , NOYES, H.\u00a0A. , DOVER, G.\u00a0A. & GIBSON, W.\u00a0C. (1999a). The ancient and divergent origins of the human pathogenic trypanosomes, Trypanosoma brucei and T. cruzi . Parasitology 118, 107\u2013116.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182098003473"},{"key":"S0031182001007880_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MCNAMARA, J.\u00a0J. & SNOW, W.\u00a0F. (1991). Improved identification of Nannomonas infection in tsetse flies from The Gambia. Acta Tropica 48, 127\u2013136.","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-706X(90)90052-2"},{"key":"S0031182001007880_ref023","unstructured":"SWOFFORD, D.\u00a0L. (1998). PAUP*. Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (*and Other Methods), Version 4 . Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts."}],"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0031182001007880","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T15:35:07Z","timestamp":1750433707000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0031182001007880\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,6]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031182001007880"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182001007880","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-1820","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,6]]}}}