{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T04:21:48Z","timestamp":1772079708305,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,5,29]],"date-time":"2003-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1054166400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":240,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Genetically determined variation in host capacity to express resistance to a given parasite plays a major role in determining the outcome of infection. It can be assumed that the same is true of variation in parasites, but very much less is known of its influence on the host\u2013parasite relationship. Phenotypic and genotypic variation within species of intestinal worms is now well documented, detailed studies having been made of parasites such as<jats:italic>Ascaris<\/jats:italic>in humans and trichostrongyles in domestic animals. However, the extent to which this variation affects the course of infection or the host immune response in these hosts is limited. Of the nematodes used as experimental models in laboratory rodents, detailed data on phenotypic or genotypic variation are limited to<jats:italic>Strongyloides<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Trichinella<\/jats:italic>. Parasite variation is known to be subject to host-mediated selection, the emergence of anthelmintic resistance being a good example. Repeated passage has been used to select lines of parasite that survive in abnormal hosts or which show adaptation to host immunity. Experimental studies with<jats:italic>Trichinella<\/jats:italic>genotypes in mice have demonstrated the extent to which parasite variation influences the nature and degree of the host's immune and inflammatory responses, the complex interplay between immunogenicity and pathogenicity influencing both partners in the relationship. Recent studies with isolates of<jats:italic>Trichuris muris<\/jats:italic>have shown how parasite variation influences the capacity of mice to express the T helper cell responses necessary for resistance. Molecular differences between<jats:italic>T. muris<\/jats:italic>isolates have been shown in their excreted\/secreted products as well as at the level of their DNA. Knowledge of the functional consequences of parasite variation will add to our understanding of host-parasite evolution as well as providing a rational basis for predicting the outcome of controls strategies that rest on the improvement of host resistance through vaccination or selective breeding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182002001440","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,14]],"date-time":"2008-08-14T09:46:40Z","timestamp":1218707200000},"page":"S39-S50","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Variation and immunity to intestinal worms"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"125","author":[{"given":"D.","family":"WAKELIN","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.\u00a0E.","family":"FARIAS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.\u00a0E.","family":"BRADLEY","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KOYAMA, K. & ITO, Y. (1996). Comparative studies on immune responses to infection in susceptible B10.BR mice infected with different strains of the murine nematode parasite Trichuris muris . Parasite Immunology 18, 257\u2013263.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.1996.d01-92.x"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref069","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851994239.0083"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SMITH, N.\u00a0C. & BRYANT, C. (1986). The role of host-generated free radicals in helminth infections: Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Nematospiroides dubius comparedInternational Journal for Parasitology16617\u2013622","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(86)90029-9"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(97)00221-5"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1999.4397"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182098003679"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(97)00005-2"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref052","unstructured":"MALAKAUSKAS, A. , KAPEL, C.\u00a0M.\u00a0O. & WEBSTER, P. (2000). Infectivity, persistence and serological response of nine Trichinella genotypes in rats. Parasitology 8, S216\u2013S222."},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(00)00345-9"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(72)90073-2"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref064","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(89)90105-1"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(00)00347-2"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ELSE, K.\u00a0J. & GRENCIS, R.\u00a0K. (1999). Antibody-independent effector mechanisms in resistance to the intestinal nematode parasite Trichuris muris . Infection and Immunity 64, 2950\u20132954.","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.64.8.2950-2954.1996"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref057","unstructured":"OGILVIE, B.\u00a0M. (1972). Protective immunity to Nippostrongylus brasiliensis in the rat. II. Adaptation by worms. Immunology 22, 111\u2013118."},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GRENCIS, R.\u00a0K. & ENTWISTLE, G.\u00a0M. (1997). Production of an interferon-gamma homologue by an intestinal nematode: functionally significant or interesting artefact? Parasitology 115, S101\u2013S106.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182097002114"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1991.tb00277.x"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GRENCIS, R.\u00a0K. (1996). T cell and cytokine basis of host variability in response to intestinal nematode infections. Parasitology 112, S31\u2013S37.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000076642"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(95)00092-5"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GOYAL, P.\u00a0K. & WAKELIN, D. (1993b). Vaccination against Trichinella spiralis in mice using antigens from different isolates. Parasitology 107, 311\u2013317.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000079282"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-294X.2001.01296.x"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1992.tb02052.x"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(94)90126-0"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KOYAMA, K. & ITO, Y. (2001). Comparative studies on the levels of serum IgG1 and IgG2a in susceptible B10.BR mice infected with different strains of the intestinal nematode parasite Trichuris muris . Parasitology Research 87, 570\u2013572.","DOI":"10.1007\/s004360000351"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00021-7"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1994.tb00329.x"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60343-7"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000061345"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(00)01779-8"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref056","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(94)00143-C"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.1999.00267.x"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GOYAL, P.\u00a0K. & WAKELIN, D. (1993a). Influence of variation in host strain and parasite isolate on inflammatory and antibody responses to Trichinella spiralis in mice. Parasitology 106, 371\u2013378.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000067111"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HALEY, J.\u00a0A. (1966). Biology of the rat nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Travassos, 1914). III.\u00a0Characteristics of N. brasiliensis after 30\u2013120 serial passages in the Syrian hamster. Journal of Parasitology 52, 98\u2013108.","DOI":"10.2307\/3276398"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1998.0350"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3282736"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.6.3860-3868.2001"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(86)90216-6"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(97)00184-7"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BELLABY, T. , ROBINSON, K. & WAKELIN, D. (1996). Induction of differential T-helper-cell responses in mice infected with variants of the parasitic nematode Trichuris muris . Infection and Immunity 64, 791\u2013795.","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.64.3.791-795.1996"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1983.tb00755.x"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182098003084"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BLOUIN, M.\u00a0S. , YOWELL, C.\u00a0A. , COURTNEY, C.\u00a0H. & DAME, J.\u00a0B. (1995). Host movement and the genetic structure of populations of parasitic nematodes. Genetics 141, 1007\u20131014.","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/141.3.1007"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000061059"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0450.1993.tb00133.x"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DEA-AYUELA, M.\u00a0A. , MARTINEZ-FERNANDEZ, A.\u00a0R. & BOLAS-FERNANDEZ, F. (2000). Comparison of IgG3 responses to carbohydrates following mouse infection or immunization with six species of Trichinella . Journal of Helminthology 74, 884\u2013889.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X00000317"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830241230"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182099005478"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118200006399X"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4922(01)01983-3"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(01)00110-2"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref067","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(94)00206-4"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref073","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(99)00107-1"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X00009962"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/365797a0"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref066","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(97)00004-0"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SOLOMON, M.\u00a0S. & HALEY, J.\u00a0A. (1966). Biology of the rat nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensus (Travassos, 1914). V.\u00a0Characteristics of N. brasiliensis after serial passage in the laboratory mouse. Journal of Parasitology 52, 237\u2013241.","DOI":"10.2307\/3276477"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref065","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1988.tb00210.x"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(99)00202-7"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000081907"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref070","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000044528"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref039","unstructured":"HOEKSTRA, R. , CRIADO FORNELIO, A. , FAKKELDIJ, J. , BERGMAN, J. & ROOS, M.\u00a0H. (1997). Microsatellites of the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus: polymorphism and linkage with a direct repeat. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 89, 987\u20131007."},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KELLY, J.\u00a0D. , WHITLOCK, H.\u00a0V. , THOMPSON, H.\u00a0G. , HALL, C.\u00a0A. , MARTIN, I.\u00a0C.\u00a0A. & LE JAMBRE, L.\u00a0F. (1978). Physiological characteristics of free-living and parasitic stages of Haemonchus contortus, susceptible or resistant to benzimidazole anthelmintics. Research in Veterinary Science 25, 376\u2013385.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)32958-8"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KAPEL, C.\u00a0M.\u00a0O. (2001). Sylvatic and domestic Trichinella spp. in wild boars; infectivity, muscle larvae distribution, and antibody response. Journal of Parasitology 87, 309\u2013314.","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2001)087[0309:SADTSI]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00007-2"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref060","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/214609b0"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60425-X"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref059","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000064398"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000071572"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(77)90007-8"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.1998.00190.x"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000080173"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref053","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(94)00080-8"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref071","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(96)89377-5"},{"key":"S0031182002001440_ref055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(99)00060-0"}],"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0031182002001440","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,15]],"date-time":"2021-09-15T00:03:59Z","timestamp":1631664239000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0031182002001440\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,10]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031182002001440"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182002001440","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-1820","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,10]]}}}