{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T15:21:39Z","timestamp":1787930499712,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,10]],"date-time":"2003-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1068422400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":254,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We are developing<jats:italic>Tetrahymena thermophila<\/jats:italic>as a delivery system for recombinant vaccines against parasitic protozoa, including the common fish parasite,<jats:italic>Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. T. thermophila<\/jats:italic>cell lines expressing<jats:italic>I. multifiliis<\/jats:italic>genes under the control of a cadmium-inducible metallothionein gene promoter conferred strong protection against a lethal parasite challenge when administered parenterally to na\u00efve fish. Nevertheless, given that heavy metals can be toxic to parasites, a question arose as to whether protection resulted from Cd residues carried over with the vaccine, rather than acquired immunity<jats:italic>per se<\/jats:italic>. To address this issue, we examined the sensitivity of<jats:italic>I. multifiliis<\/jats:italic>to Cd<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>and determined Cd concentrations in different host tissues following i.p. injection of juvenile channel catfish with the recombinant vaccine. We found that CdCl<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>at concentrations [ges ]50 ppb were lethal to<jats:italic>I. multifiliis<\/jats:italic>theronts<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. Furthermore, Cd concentrations were clearly elevated in fish tissues and reached levels equivalent to 74 ng\/g wet weight (74 ppb) in the skin within 14 days of injection with recombinant<jats:italic>T. thermophila<\/jats:italic>. Nevertheless, fish injected with non-transformed<jats:italic>Tetrahymena<\/jats:italic>grown in the presence or absence of CdCl<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>showed no significant difference in either relative survival or parasite load following direct challenge with<jats:italic>I. multifiliis<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182003003731","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,12]],"date-time":"2003-11-12T16:05:04Z","timestamp":1068653104000},"page":"S87-S93","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Cadmium effects on<i>Ichthyophthirius<\/i>: evidence for metal-sequestration in fish tissues following administration of recombinant vaccines"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"126","author":[{"given":"Y.","family":"BISHARYAN","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Q.","family":"CHEN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. M.","family":"HOSSAIN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"PAPOYAN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. G.","family":"CLARK","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182003003731_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LIN, T. L. , CLARK, T. G. & DICKERSON, H. W. (1996).Passive immunization of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) against the ciliated protozoan parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis by use of murine monoclonal antibodies.Infection and Immunity 6, 4085\u20134090.","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.64.10.4085-4090.1996"},{"key":"S0031182003003731_ref004","unstructured":"DICKERSON, H. W. & DAWE, D. L. (1995). Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and Cryptocaryon irritans (Phylum Ciliophora). In Fish Diseases and Disorders (ed. Woo, P. T. K. ), pp. 181\u2013227. Wallingford Oxon, CAB International."},{"key":"S0031182003003731_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1577\/1548-8454(2001)063<0293:TFIIIC>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"S0031182003003731_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002440010273"},{"key":"S0031182003003731_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1577\/1548-8667(1993)005<0152:POIMII>2.3.CO;2"},{"key":"S0031182003003731_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.9.1.176-181.2002"},{"key":"S0031182003003731_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0959-8030(95)00005-4"},{"key":"S0031182003003731_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WOODLING, J. D. , BRINKMAN, S. F. & HORN, B. J. (2001).Nonuniform accumulation of cadmium and copper in kidneys of wild brown trout (Salmo trutta) populations. 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In Parasitic Diseases of Fish (ed. Pike, A. W. & Lewis, J. W. ), pp. 17\u201342. Dyfed,Samara."},{"key":"S0031182003003731_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3284065"},{"key":"S0031182003003731_ref015","unstructured":"OLSVIK, P. A. , GUNDERSEN, P. , ANDERSEN, R. A. & ZACHARIASSEN, K. E. (2001).Metal accumulation and metallothionein in brown trout, Salmo trutta, from two Normwegian rivers differently contaminated with Cd, Cu and Zn. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C 128, 189\u2013201."},{"key":"S0031182003003731_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"PICCINNI, E. , IRATO, P. , COPPELLOTTI, O. & GUIDOLIN, L. (1987). Biochemical and ultrastructural data on Tetrahymena pyriformis treated with copper and cadmium. 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