{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T13:27:30Z","timestamp":1762003650731},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,10,17]],"date-time":"2003-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1066348800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study analysed the impact and the extent by which parental<jats:italic>Onchocerca volvulus<\/jats:italic>infection, intensity of transmission of<jats:italic>O. volvulus<\/jats:italic>infective 3rd-stage larvae (L3) and anthropometric factors may influence the acquisition, development and persistence of<jats:italic>O. volvulus<\/jats:italic>infection in offspring. A total of 15 290 individuals in 3939 families with 9640 children were surveyed for microfilariae of<jats:italic>O. volvulus<\/jats:italic>, and prevalence and level of<jats:italic>O. volvulus<\/jats:italic>infection in children aged 0 to 20 years from infected and non-infected parents were followed longitudinally for 18 years. Children from<jats:italic>O. volvulus<\/jats:italic>-infected mothers had not only a substantially higher risk to become infected; they also acquired infection earlier in life and developed higher infection levels. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that maternal<jats:italic>O. volvulus<\/jats:italic>infection and children's age are the predominant predictors for patent<jats:italic>O. volvulus<\/jats:italic>infection, while the intensity of transmission, measured by the annual transmission potential (ATP) of<jats:italic>O. volvulus<\/jats:italic>L3, was less decisive. Longitudinal follow up of children showed that during vector control activities by the Onchocerciasis Control Programme (OCP) and in low-level transmission areas, infection persisted at higher levels in children from<jats:italic>O. volvulus<\/jats:italic>-positive mothers. In summary, the dominant risk factor for children to become infected is maternal onchocerciasis, and also age-associated factors will strongly impact on the development of patent<jats:italic>O. volvulus<\/jats:italic>infection in offspring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182003003834","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,10,17]],"date-time":"2003-10-17T13:42:34Z","timestamp":1066398154000},"page":"327-335","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Impact of parental onchocerciasis and intensity of transmission on development and persistence of<i>Onchocerca volvulus<\/i>infection in offspring: an 18 year follow-up study"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"127","author":[{"given":"A. 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