{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T14:16:23Z","timestamp":1790432183922,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,3]],"date-time":"2004-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1078272000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Transmission of the malaria parasite<jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>is influenced by many different host, vector and parasite factors. Here we conducted a field study at Mbita, an area of endemic malaria in Western Kenya, to test whether parasite transmission to mosquitoes is influenced by the severity of malaria infection in its human host at the time when gametocytes, the transmission forms, are present in the peripheral blood. We examined the infectivity of 81<jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>gametocyte carriers to mosquitoes. Of these, 21 were patients with fever and other malaria-related symptoms, and 60 were recruited among apparently healthy volunteers. Laboratory-reared<jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae<\/jats:italic>s.s. (local strain) were experimentally infected with blood from these gametocyte carriers by membrane-feeding. The severity of the clinical symptoms was greater in febrile patients. These symptomatic patients had higher asexual parasitaemia and lower gametocyte densities (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0\u00b705) than healthy volunteers. Ookinete development occurred in only 6 out of the 21 symptomatic patients, of which only 33\u00b73% successfully yielded oocysts. The oocyst prevalence was only 0\u00b76% in the 546 mosquitoes that were fed on blood from this symptomatic group, with mean oocyst intensity of 0\u00b72 (range 0\u20132) oocysts per mosquito. In contrast, a higher proportion (76\u00b77%) of healthy gametocyte carriers yielded ookinetes, generating an oocyst rate of 12% in the 1332 mosquitoes that fed on them (mean intensity of 6\u00b73, range: 1\u2013105 oocysts per mosquito). Statistical analysis indicated that the increased infectivity of asymptomatic gametocyte carriers was not simply due to their greater gametocyte abundance, but also to the higher level of infectivity of their gametocytes, possibly due to lower parasite mortality within mosquitoes fed on blood from healthy hosts. These results suggest that blood factors and\/or conditions correlated with illness reduce<jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>gametocyte infectivity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s003118200300444x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,3]],"date-time":"2004-03-03T09:53:46Z","timestamp":1078307626000},"page":"235-243","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["<i>Plasmodium falciparum<\/i>malaria disease manifestations in humans and transmission to<i>Anopheles gambiae<\/i>: a field study in Western Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"128","author":[{"given":"L. C.","family":"GOUAGNA","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. M.","family":"FERGUSON","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B. A.","family":"OKECH","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. F.","family":"KILLEEN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. W.","family":"KABIRU","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. C.","family":"BEIER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. I.","family":"GITHURE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"YAN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"S003118200300444X_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1998.58.176"},{"key":"S003118200300444X_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BEIE, R .J. C. 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(1955).Infectivity to mosquito of Plasmodium falciparum as related to gametocyte density and duration of infection.American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 4, 761\u2013789.","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1955.4.781"},{"key":"S003118200300444X_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.1998.00156.x"},{"key":"S003118200300444X_ref022","unstructured":"MACKINNON, M. J. & READ, A. F. (2003).Virulence evolution in malaria: an evolutionary perspective. 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(1994).Inhibitory immunoglobulin M antibodies TNF factor-inducing toxins in patients with malaria.Infection and Immunity 62, 3086\u20133091.","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.62.8.3086-3091.1994"},{"key":"S003118200300444X_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1996.54.613"},{"key":"S003118200300444X_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(90)90197-U"},{"key":"S003118200300444X_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CAO YA-MING, Y.-M. , TSUBOI, T. & TORII, M. (1998).Nitric oxide inhibits the development of Plasmodium yoelii gametocytes into gametes.Parasitology International 47, 157\u2013166.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5769(98)00014-2"},{"key":"S003118200300444X_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MENDIS, K. N. , MUNESINGUE, Y. D. , DESILVA, Y. N. Y. , KERAGELLA, I. & CARTER, R. 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D. , KARUNAWEERA, N. , MENDIS, K. & CARTER, R. (1993).Cytokine-mediated inactivation of malarial gametocytes is dependent on the presence of white blood cells and involves reactive nitrogen intermediates.Immunology 78, 555\u2013562."},{"key":"S003118200300444X_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1990.tb00980.x"},{"key":"S003118200300444X_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000050824"},{"key":"S003118200300444X_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000059473"},{"key":"S003118200300444X_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/319689"},{"key":"S003118200300444X_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3283550"},{"key":"S003118200300444X_ref045","unstructured":"TCHUINKAM, T. , MULDER, B. , DECHERING, K. , STOFFELS, H. , VERHAVE, J. P. , COT, M. , CARNEVALE, P. , MEUWISSEN, J. H. E. T. & ROBERT, V. 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