{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,22]],"date-time":"2025-06-22T04:02:37Z","timestamp":1750564957161,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,16]],"date-time":"2004-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1082073600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Onchocerca volvulus<\/jats:italic> exists in at least two strains in West Africa, while its black-fly vectors consist of sibling species, dwelling in the savanna and forest\/transition zones. In transition and degraded forest zones both parasite strains and different sibling species of the vector can be sympatric. The strain of parasite in infected humans and in vector black-flies was determined in two bioclimes along the Bandama river of C\u00f4te d'Ivoire. The upper Bandama is located in the savanna bioclime while the Middle Bandama is located in a degraded forest zone. At both sites, savanna-dwelling sibling species of the <jats:italic>Simulium damnosum sensu lato<\/jats:italic> species complex predominated. The severe-strain of <jats:italic>O. volvulus<\/jats:italic> was the predominant strain at both sites. However, severe-strain parasites represented a significantly larger proportion of those found in the vector population than in the human population in the degraded forest of the Middle Bandama. These data suggest that in degraded forest areas recently invaded by savanna-dwelling species of <jats:italic>S. damnosum s.l<\/jats:italic>. transmission of the severe-strain of the parasite might be more efficient than transmission of the mild-strain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182003004724","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,16]],"date-time":"2004-04-16T14:42:36Z","timestamp":1082126556000},"page":"407-414","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The current status of onchocerciasis in the forest\/savanna transition zone of C\u00f4te d'Ivoire"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"128","author":[{"given":"A. G.","family":"ADJAMI","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"TO\u00c9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Y.","family":"BISSAN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"BUGRI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"YAM\u00c9OGO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"KONE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C. R.","family":"KATHOLI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T. R.","family":"UNNASCH","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182003004724_ref015","unstructured":"PHILIPPON, B. (1976).Etude de la transmission d'Onchocerca volvulus (Leuckart, 1893) (Nematoda, Onchocercidae) par Simulium damnosum (Theobad, 1903) (Diptera, Simuliidae) en Afrique tropicale.Travaux et documents de l'ORSTOM, 1\u2013308."},{"key":"S0031182003004724_ref021","unstructured":"TO\u00c8, L. , BACK, C. , ADJAMI, A. G. , TANG, J. M. & UNNASCH, T. R. (1997 a). Onchocerca volvulus: Comparison of field collection methods for the preservation of parasite and vector samples for PCR analysis.Bulletin of the World Health Organization 75, 443\u2013447."},{"key":"S0031182003004724_ref019","unstructured":"S\u00c9CHAN, Y. (1984).D\u00e9veloppement d'onchocerques animales chez le vecteur de l'onchocercose humaine Simulium sirbanum (Vajime et Dunbar, 1975), en zone subsah\u00e9lienne du Mali Afrique de l'ouest.Travaux et documents de l'ORSTOM 178,234."},{"key":"S0031182003004724_ref003","unstructured":"DADZIE, K. Y. , REMME, J. , ROLLAND, A. & THYLEFORS, B. (1989).Ocular onchocerciasis and intensity of infection in the community. II. West African rainforest foci of the vector Simulium yahense .Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 40, 348\u2013354."},{"key":"S0031182003004724_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/322789"},{"key":"S0031182003004724_ref016","unstructured":"PHILIPPON, B. , REMME, J. H. , WALSH, J. F. , GUILLET, P. & ZERBO, D. G. (1990).Entomological results of vector control in the Onchocerciasis Control Programme.Acta Leidensia 59, 79\u201394."},{"key":"S0031182003004724_ref004","unstructured":"DAVIES, J. B. , SEKETELI, A. , WALSH, J. F. , BARRO, T. & SAWADOGO, R. (1981).Studies on biting Simulium damnosum s.l. at a breeding site in the Onchocerciasis Control Programme area during and after an interruption of insecticidal treatments.Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 32, 17\u201324."},{"key":"S0031182003004724_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1993.11812739"},{"key":"S0031182003004724_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(93)90047-2"},{"key":"S0031182003004724_ref011","unstructured":"GARMS, R. (1985).Morphological differentiation from Onchocerca volvulus of first stage larvae of an unknown filarial species commonly found in Simulium sanctipauli s.l. in Liberia.Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 36, 255\u2013256."},{"key":"S0031182003004724_ref014","unstructured":"OMAR, M. S. & GARMS, R. (1981).Histochemical differentiation of filarial larvae found in Simulium damnosum s.l. in West Africa.Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 32, 259\u2013264."},{"key":"S0031182003004724_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"TO\u00c8, L. , MERRIWEATHER, A. & UNNASCH, T. R. (1994).DNA probe based classification of Simulium damnosum s.l. borne and human derived filarial parasites in the Onchocerciasis Control Programme area.American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 51, 676\u2013683.","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1994.51.676"},{"key":"S0031182003004724_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.86.8.844"},{"key":"S0031182003004724_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DUKE, B. O. L. , LEWIS, D. J. & MOORE, P. J. (1966). Onchocerca\u2013Simulium complexes. I. Transmission of forest and Sudan-savannah strains of Onchocerca volvulus, from Cameroon, by Simulium damnosum from various West African bioclimatic zones.Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 60, 318\u2013336.","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1966.11686422"},{"key":"S0031182003004724_ref009","unstructured":"ERTTMANN, K. D. , MEREDITH, S. E. O. , GREENE, B. M. & UNNASCH, T. R. (1990).Isolation and characterization of form specific DNA sequences of Onchocerca volvulus .Acta Leidensia 59, 253\u2013260."},{"key":"S0031182003004724_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/327415a0"},{"key":"S0031182003004724_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"TO\u00c8, L. , TANG, J. , BACK, C. , KATHOLI, C. R. & UNNASCH, T. R. (1997 b).Vector\u2013Parasite transmission complexes for onchocerciasis in West Africa.The Lancet 349, 163\u2013166.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)05265-8"},{"key":"S0031182003004724_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(92)90443-G"},{"key":"S0031182003004724_ref007","unstructured":"DUKE, B. O. L. (1981).Geographical aspects of onchocerciasis.Annales of the Belgian Society of Tropical Medicine 61, 179\u2013186."},{"key":"S0031182003004724_ref005","unstructured":"DESOLE, G. , REMME, J. & DADZIE, K. Y. (1990).Epidemiological impact of vector control. I. Incidence and changes in prevalence and intensity of Onchocerca volvulus infection.Acta Leidensia 59, 119\u2013126."},{"key":"S0031182003004724_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"UNNASCH, T. R. & MEREDITH, S. E. O. (1996).The use of degenerate primers in conjunction with strain and species oligonucleotides to classify Onchocerca volvulus . In Species Diagnostic Protocols: PCR and other Nucleic Acid Methods (ed. J. P. Clapp ), pp. 293\u2013303.Humana Press,Totowa, NJ, USA.","DOI":"10.1385\/0-89603-323-6:293"},{"key":"S0031182003004724_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/165.5.964"},{"key":"S0031182003004724_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.60.124"},{"key":"S0031182003004724_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(02)90335-4"},{"key":"S0031182003004724_ref018","unstructured":"REMME, J. , DADZIE, K. Y. , ROLLAND, A. & THYLEFORS, B. (1989).Ocular onchocerciasis and intensity of infection in the community. I. West African savannah.Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 40, 340\u2013347."},{"key":"S0031182003004724_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X00015741"},{"key":"S0031182003004724_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000086121"},{"key":"S0031182003004724_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1995.11812930"},{"key":"S0031182003004724_ref017","unstructured":"PHILIPPON, B. & S\u00c9K\u00c9T\u00c9LI, A. (1998).The beginning of the OCP and the status of onchocerciasis in western Africa before control measures.Cahier Sant\u00e9 8, 27\u201331."}],"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0031182003004724","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,21]],"date-time":"2025-06-21T05:40:59Z","timestamp":1750484459000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0031182003004724\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,4]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031182003004724"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182003004724","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0031-1820"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1469-8161"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,4]]}}}