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However, a few tick species transmit several (e.g.<jats:italic>Ixodes ricinus<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Amblyomma variegatum<\/jats:italic>) or many (<jats:italic>I. uriae<\/jats:italic>) tick-borne viruses. Tick-borne viruses are found in six different virus families (Asfarviridae, Reoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Bunyaviridae, Flaviviridae) and at least 9 genera. Some as yet unassigned tick-borne viruses may belong to a seventh family, the<jats:italic>Arenaviridae<\/jats:italic>. With only one exception (<jats:italic>African swine fever virus<\/jats:italic>, family Asfarviridae) all tick-borne viruses (as well as all other arboviruses) are RNA viruses. Tick-borne viruses are found in all the RNA virus families in which insect-borne members are found, with the exception of the family Togaviridae. Some tick-borne viruses pose a significant threat to the health of humans (<jats:italic>Tick-borne encephalitis virus<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus<\/jats:italic>) or livestock (<jats:italic>African swine fever virus<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Nairobi sheep disease virus<\/jats:italic>). Key challenges are to determine the molecular adaptations that allow tick-borne viruses to infect and replicate in both tick and vertebrate cells, and to identify the principal ecological determinants of tick-borne virus survival.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182004005220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,19]],"date-time":"2005-04-19T13:39:33Z","timestamp":1113917973000},"page":"S221-S245","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":221,"title":["Tick-borne viruses"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"129","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"LABUDA","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. A.","family":"NUTTALL","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182004005220_ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ZELLER, H. G. , KARABATSOS, N. , CALISHER, C. 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