{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T03:47:28Z","timestamp":1791085648508,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,5]],"date-time":"2004-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1096934400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The role of acquired immunity in lymphatic filariasis is uncertain. Assuming that immunity against new infections develops gradually with accumulated experience of infection, models predict a decline in prevalence after teenage or early adulthood. A strong indication for acquired immunity was found in longitudinal data from Pondicherry, India, where Mf prevalence was highest around the age of 20 and declined thereafter. We reviewed published studies from India and Subsaharan Africa to investigate whether their age-prevalence patterns support the models with acquired immunity. By comparing prevalence levels in 2 adult age groups we tested whether prevalence declined at older age. For India, comparison of age groups 20\u201339 and 40+ revealed a significant decline in only 6 out of 53 sites, whereas a significant increase occurred more often (10 sites). Comparison of older age groups provided no indication that a decline would start at a later age. Results from Africa were even more striking, with many more significant increases than declines, irrespective of the age groups compared. The occurrence of a decline was not related to the overall Mf prevalence and seems to be a chance finding. We conclude that there is no evidence of a general age-prevalence pattern that would correspond to the acquired immunity models. The Pondicherry study is an exceptional situation that may have guided us in the wrong direction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182004005980","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,13]],"date-time":"2004-10-13T17:36:35Z","timestamp":1097688995000},"page":"605-612","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Meta-analysis of age-prevalence patterns in lymphatic filariasis: no decline in microfilaraemia prevalence in older age groups as predicted by models with acquired immunity"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"129","author":[{"given":"W. A.","family":"STOLK","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. D.","family":"RAMAIAH","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. J.","family":"VAN OORTMARSSEN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. K.","family":"DAS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. D. F.","family":"HABBEMA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. J.","family":"DE VLAS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182004005980_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(89)90399-4"},{"key":"S0031182004005980_ref013","unstructured":"RAJAGOPALAN, P. K. , DAS, P. K. , SUBRAMANIAN, S. , VANAMAIL, P. & RAMAIAH, K. D. (1989).Bancroftian filariasis in Pondicherry, south India: 1. Pre-control epidemiological observations.Epidemiology and Infection 103,685\u2013692."},{"key":"S0031182004005980_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(92)90303-J"},{"key":"S0031182004005980_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1998.0370"},{"key":"S0031182004005980_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0171-2985(11)80479-1"},{"key":"S0031182004005980_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RAVINDRAN, B. , SATAPATHY, A. K. , SAHOO, P. K. & MOHANTY, M. C. (2003).Protective immunity in human lymphatic filariasis: problems and prospects.Medical Microbiology and Immunology 192,41\u201346.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-002-0157-7"},{"key":"S0031182004005980_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1992.tb00029.x"},{"key":"S0031182004005980_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DAY, K. P. , GREGORY, W. F. & MAIZELS, R. M. (1991 a).Age-specific acquisition of immunity to infective larvae in a bancroftian filariasis endemic area of Papua New Guinea.Parasite Immunology 13,277\u2013290.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1991.tb00282.x"},{"key":"S0031182004005980_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2001.65.498"},{"key":"S0031182004005980_ref025","unstructured":"ZIELKE, E. & CHLEBOWSKY, H. O. (1979).Studies on Bancroftian filariasis in Liberia, West Africa. I. Distribution and prevalence in the north-western savanna area.Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie 30,91\u201396."},{"key":"S0031182004005980_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2002.66.550"},{"key":"S0031182004005980_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/9781848160866_0004"},{"key":"S0031182004005980_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/315493a0"},{"key":"S0031182004005980_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1998.59.606"},{"key":"S0031182004005980_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800049992"},{"key":"S0031182004005980_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DAY, K. P. , GRENFELL, B. , SPARK, R. , KAZURA, J. W. & ALPERS, M. P. (1991 b).Age specific patterns of change in the dynamics of Wuchereria bancrofti infection in Papua New Guinea.American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 44,518\u2013527.","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1991.44.518"},{"key":"S0031182004005980_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/9781848160866_0009"},{"key":"S0031182004005980_ref009","unstructured":"MANOHARAN, A. , DAS, P. K. , KEERTHISEELAN, V. B. & RAMAIAH, K. D. (1997).Trend of Wuchereria bancrofti infection in Pondicherry urban agglomeration after the withdrawal of a five year vector control programme.The Journal of Communicable Diseases 29,255\u2013261."},{"key":"S0031182004005980_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.2001.00398.x"},{"key":"S0031182004005980_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1996.55.69"},{"key":"S0031182004005980_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/378354"},{"key":"S0031182004005980_ref020","unstructured":"SUBRAMANIAN, S. , PANI, S. P. , DAS, P. K. & RAJAGOPALAN, P. K. (1989).Bancroftian filariasis in Pondicherry, south India: 2. Epidemiological evaluation of the effect of vector control.Epidemiology and Infection 103,693\u2013702."},{"key":"S0031182004005980_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182004004822"},{"key":"S0031182004005980_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/323324"},{"key":"S0031182004005980_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(01)90145-2"}],"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0031182004005980","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,3]],"date-time":"2020-04-03T10:16:11Z","timestamp":1585908971000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0031182004005980\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,5]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031182004005980"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182004005980","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-1820","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,5]]}}}