{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T07:27:25Z","timestamp":1758266845793},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,12]],"date-time":"2005-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1115856000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":223,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The genetic programmes associated with the sexual biology of dioecious schistosomes remain a critically important but significantly understudied area of parasitology. Throughout the last four decades, progress has been slow in describing the gross antigenic and proteomic differences linked to sexually mature schistosomes and in characterizing some of the sex-associated transcripts and regulatory mechanisms induced during developmental maturation. These investigations have been severely hindered by the lack of complete EST\/genomic information, as well as corresponding post- and functional-genomic tools for studying these pathogenic parasites. As near complete transcriptomes for<jats:italic>Schistosoma japonicum<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>have recently been reported, and both DNA microarrays and post-transcriptional gene silencing have been applied to schistosomes, the tools and techniques for the high-throughput identification and characterization of transcripts involved in conjugal biology are now readily available. Here, an historical review is presented that summarizes some of the most significant findings associated with schistosome sex and sexual maturation during the last several decades. Following this discussion is a current overview of some modern day genomic approaches used to study schistosomes, which illustrates how major advances in the field of conjugal biology will be achieved.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182004006213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,12]],"date-time":"2005-05-12T15:31:42Z","timestamp":1115911902000},"page":"S11-S22","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["An historical and genomic view of schistosome conjugal biology with emphasis on sex-specific gene expression"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"128","author":[{"given":"K. 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(2002 a).Identification of Schistosoma mansoni gender-associated gene transcripts by cDNA microarray profiling.Genome Biology 3, RESEARCH0041.","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2002-3-8-research0041"},{"key":"S0031182004006213_ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(03)00030-4"},{"key":"S0031182004006213_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jhered.a106674"},{"key":"S0031182004006213_ref098","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X00010117"},{"key":"S0031182004006213_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3282125"},{"key":"S0031182004006213_ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/273609a0"},{"key":"S0031182004006213_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(02)00161-3"},{"key":"S0031182004006213_ref078","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1402320117"},{"key":"S0031182004006213_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.83.15.5544"},{"key":"S0031182004006213_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(90)90114-2"},{"key":"S0031182004006213_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000080896"},{"key":"S0031182004006213_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.8.8.3008"},{"key":"S0031182004006213_ref071","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/368362"},{"key":"S0031182004006213_ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RODRIGUES, V. Jr. , PIPER, K. , COUISSINIER-PARIS, P. , BACELAR, O. , DESSEIN, H. & DESSEIN, A. J. (1999).Genetic control of schistosome infections by the SM1 locus of the 5q31-q33 region is linked to differentiation of type 2 helper T lymphocytes.Infection and Immunity 67,4689\u20134692.","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.9.4689-4692.1999"},{"key":"S0031182004006213_ref076","unstructured":"PEARCE, E. J. , CASPAR, P. , GRZYCH, J. M. , LEWIS, F. A. & SHER, A. (1992).Downregulation of Th1 cytokine production accompanies induction of Th2 responses by a parasitic helminth, Schistosoma mansoni .Journal of Experimental Medicine 173,159\u2013162."},{"key":"S0031182004006213_ref099","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.4.7.1128"},{"key":"S0031182004006213_ref096","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.6.7.639"},{"key":"S0031182004006213_ref031","unstructured":"ERASMUS, D. A. & DAVIES, T. W. (1979). 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F. (1991). Schistosomes: Development, Reproduction, and Host Relations .New York,Oxford University Press, Inc."},{"key":"S0031182004006213_ref073","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/368361"},{"key":"S0031182004006213_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.2.1295"},{"key":"S0031182004006213_ref052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1998.4377"},{"key":"S0031182004006213_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00380560"},{"key":"S0031182004006213_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(82)90089-3"},{"key":"S0031182004006213_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000001372"},{"key":"S0031182004006213_ref069","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/314999"},{"key":"S0031182004006213_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(02)00022-1"},{"key":"S0031182004006213_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00078-1"},{"key":"S0031182004006213_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3283563"},{"key":"S0031182004006213_ref077","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3284358"},{"key":"S0031182004006213_ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(59)90027-X"},{"key":"S0031182004006213_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(01)50031-7"},{"key":"S0031182004006213_ref087","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(73)90111-2"},{"key":"S0031182004006213_ref063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00232-8"},{"key":"S0031182004006213_ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(86)90047-2"},{"key":"S0031182004006213_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-0491(89)90177-6"},{"key":"S0031182004006213_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1236"},{"key":"S0031182004006213_ref089","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182001008769"},{"key":"S0031182004006213_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GRZYCH, J. M. , PEARCE, E. J. , CHEEVER, A. , CAULADA, Z. A. , CASPAR, P. , HEINY, S. , LEWIS, F. & SHER, A. (1991).Egg deposition is the major stimulus for the production of Th2 cytokines in murine schistosomiasis mansoni.Journal of Immunology 146,1322\u20131327.","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.146.4.1322"},{"key":"S0031182004006213_ref106","unstructured":"STURROCK, R. F. 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Toxoplasma gondii and Schistosoma mansoni synergize to promote hepatocyte dysfunction associated with high levels of plasma TNF-alpha and early death in C57BL\/6 mice.Journal of Immunology 163,2089\u20132097.","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.163.4.2089"},{"key":"S0031182004006213_ref065","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1997.4150"},{"key":"S0031182004006213_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-0491(71)90269-0"},{"key":"S0031182004006213_ref070","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3274297"},{"key":"S0031182004006213_ref072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/322783"},{"key":"S0031182004006213_ref075","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(03)01465-7"},{"key":"S0031182004006213_ref060","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(91)90263-N"},{"key":"S0031182004006213_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(97)01207-6"},{"key":"S0031182004006213_ref079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-294X.2002.01518.x"},{"key":"S0031182004006213_ref081","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(89)90062-5"},{"key":"S0031182004006213_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"FREEBERN, W. 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Evidence for a role in female-specific gene expression.Journal of Biological Chemistry 274,4577\u20134585.","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.8.4577"},{"key":"S0031182004006213_ref094","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(80)90077-6"},{"key":"S0031182004006213_ref068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02602920"},{"key":"S0031182004006213_ref083","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1960.11685964"},{"key":"S0031182004006213_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3276242"},{"key":"S0031182004006213_ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(91)90101-2"},{"key":"S0031182004006213_ref058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(96)02579-0"},{"key":"S0031182004006213_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182098002662"},{"key":"S0031182004006213_ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1096-4959(01)00513-9"},{"key":"S0031182004006213_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3280853"},{"key":"S0031182004006213_ref088","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118200005188X"},{"key":"S0031182004006213_ref047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.2.929"},{"key":"S0031182004006213_ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3273271"},{"key":"S0031182004006213_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BASCH, P. 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