{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T10:17:34Z","timestamp":1762078654893},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,4]],"date-time":"2004-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1099526400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,4]]},"abstract":"During a 3-year trial of the effects of ivermectin (MectizanR<\/jats:sup>) on adult worms and microfilariae of Onchocerca volvulus<\/jats:italic> in the Republic of Cameroon, comparison was made between the percentages of calcified and uncalcified moribund (M) and dead (D) adult female worms dying following (a<\/jats:italic>) the standard dose (150 \u03bcg\/kg) given annually; (b<\/jats:italic>) high doses (400, then 800 \u03bcg\/kg) given annually; and (c<\/jats:italic> and d<\/jats:italic>) these same doses given at 3-monthly intervals. In the killing of adult female O. volvulus<\/jats:italic> worms, the relative r\u00f4les of (a<\/jats:italic>) natural causes; (b<\/jats:italic>) a presumed, direct, anthelminthic, macrofilaricidal action of ivermectin; and (c<\/jats:italic>) a potentially fatal pleomorphic ovarian neoplasm (PN), of which the incidence is increased by ivermectin treatment, are herein further investigated and discussed. It is concluded that ivermectin per se<\/jats:italic> has a considerable direct macrofilaricidal action against female worms and that this lethal effect is supplemented by the drug's ability in some worms to increase the incidence, and the spread throughout the body of the worm, of the potentially fatal PN ovarian tumour. In moribund and dead ivermectin-treated female worms that were heavily invaded by PN, it is probable that the neoplasm was chiefly responsible for their death, but the additional direct anthelminthic action of the drug, which by itself has been responsible for the death of many other female worms, cannot be excluded as having played a supplementary lethal r\u00f4le. Similar problems as to the exact means by which adult female worms are killed may arise now that ivermectin is used in Africa for the mass treatment of lymphatic filariasis; or if and when the macrofilaricidal actions on O. volvulus<\/jats:italic> of other drugs, which are closely related to ivermectin, come to be investigated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182004006766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,7]],"date-time":"2005-03-07T09:36:21Z","timestamp":1110188181000},"page":"447-453","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Evidence for macrofilaricidal activity of ivermectin against female Onchocerca volvulus<\/i>: further analysis of a clinical trial in the Republic of Cameroon indicating two distinct killing mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"130","author":[{"given":"B. O. L.","family":"DUKE","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182004006766_ref009","unstructured":"NEAFIE, R. C. , MARTY, A. M. & DUKE, B. O. L. (2000).Onchocerciasis. In Pathology of Infectious Diseases I, Helminthiases (ed. Meyers, W. M. ), pp.287\u2013306. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, American Registry of Pathology, Washington D.C."},{"key":"S0031182004006766_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2003.10.018"},{"key":"S0031182004006766_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)09456-4"},{"key":"S0031182004006766_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.04.003"},{"key":"S0031182004006766_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1990.11812484"},{"key":"S0031182004006766_ref010","unstructured":"SCHULZ-KEY, H. (1988).The collagenase technique: how to isolate and examine adult Onchocerca volvulus for the evaluation of drug effects.Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 39,423\u2013440."},{"key":"S0031182004006766_ref003","unstructured":"B\u00dcTTNER, D. W. , ALBIEZ, E. J. , VON ESSEN, J. & ERICHSEN, J. (1988).Histological examination of adult Onchocerca volvulus and comparison with the collagenase technique.Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 39,390\u2013417."},{"key":"S0031182004006766_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1997.11813141"},{"key":"S0031182004006766_ref001","unstructured":"AWADZI, K. , OPOKU, N. O. , ADDY, E. T. & QUARTEY, B. T. (1995).The chemotherapy of onchocerciasis XIX: the clinical and laboratory tolerance of high dose ivermectin.Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 46,131\u2013137."},{"key":"S0031182004006766_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(84)90264-5"},{"key":"S0031182004006766_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182002002305"}],"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0031182004006766","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,6]],"date-time":"2019-04-06T14:52:08Z","timestamp":1554562328000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0031182004006766\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,4]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031182004006766"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182004006766","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-1820","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,4]]}}}