{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T03:37:12Z","timestamp":1792553832122,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,22]],"date-time":"2005-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1121990400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Thelazia callipaeda<\/jats:italic>, commonly known as the \u2018oriental eyeworm\u2019, has been recently reported in Italy and other European countries. The insect\/s that act as intermediate hosts and details of larval development inside the vector remain unclear. In order to (1) demonstrate the species of fly that may act as vector\/s for <jats:italic>T. callipaeda<\/jats:italic> in southern Italy (Site A) and China (Site B) and (2) describe the larval development of the nematode in the body of flies, 847 <jats:italic>Phortica<\/jats:italic> (Drosophilidae) flies were collected from the above two sites, each with a history of human and\/or canine thelaziosis. Flies were identified as <jats:italic>Phortica variegata<\/jats:italic> (245 \u2013 site A) and <jats:italic>Phortica okadai<\/jats:italic> (602 \u2013 site B), experimentally infected by 1st-stage larvae (L1), kept at different temperatures and dissected daily until day 180 post-infection (p.i.). Dead flies from site A were subjected to specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay to detect <jats:italic>T. callipaeda<\/jats:italic>. To demonstrate the role of <jats:italic>Phortica<\/jats:italic> as vectors of <jats:italic>T. callipaeda<\/jats:italic>, 3rd-stage larvae (L3) recovered from the proboscis of flies were deposited onto the cornea of the eyes of dogs and rabbits. Following dissection, 3 (2\u00b79%) of <jats:italic>P. variegata<\/jats:italic> in site A were found to be infected by L3 in the proboscis on days +14, +21 and +53 p.i., compared with 26 (18\u00b74%) of <jats:italic>Phortica<\/jats:italic> flies recorded as being positive by PCR. Sequences from positive PCR products were 99% identical to sequences of the corresponding species available in GenBank (AY207464). At site B, 106 (17\u00b76%) of 602 dissected <jats:italic>P. okadai<\/jats:italic> were found to be infected by <jats:italic>T. callipaeda<\/jats:italic> larvae (different stages) and in total 62 L3 were recovered from the proboscis of 34 (5\u00b76%) flies. The shortest time in which L3 were found was at day +14, +17, +19, and +50 p.i. respectively, depending on the environmental temperatures. Of 30 flies overwintered for 6 months, 6 L3 were detected at day +180 p.i. in 3 flies (10%). The biology of larval development was reconstructed on the basis of the dissection of 602 <jats:italic>P. okadai-<\/jats:italic>infected flies and the morphology of larval stages in the insect body described. The present work provides evidence that <jats:italic>P. variegata<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>P. okadai<\/jats:italic> act as vectors for <jats:italic>T. callipaeda<\/jats:italic> in southern Europe and in China, respectively. The phenomenon of overwintering is described here for the first time for <jats:italic>T. callipaeda<\/jats:italic> and discussed. Finally, the relationship between <jats:italic>T. callipaeda<\/jats:italic> and its fly vector is considered in light of disease prophylaxis and to model its dissemination into habitats and environments favourable to <jats:italic>Phortica<\/jats:italic> flies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182005008395","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,25]],"date-time":"2005-07-25T14:07:12Z","timestamp":1122300432000},"page":"847-855","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":100,"title":["Nematode biology and larval development of <i>Thelazia callipaeda<\/i> (Spirurida, Thelaziidae) in the drosophilid intermediate host in Europe and China"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"131","author":[{"given":"D.","family":"OTRANTO","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. P.","family":"LIA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"CANTACESSI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"TESTINI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"TROCCOLI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. L.","family":"SHEN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Z. X.","family":"WANG","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182005008395_ref021","unstructured":"Sharrocks, A. D. (1994).The design of primers for PCR. In PCR Technology: Current Innovations (ed. Griffin, H. 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(2003 b)Molecular epidemiological survey on the vectors of Thelazia gulosa, Thelazia rhodesii and Thelazia skrjabini (Spirurida: Thelaziidae).Parasitology 127,365\u2013373.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182003003913"},{"key":"S0031182005008395_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(99)00036-9"},{"key":"S0031182005008395_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.154.5.143"},{"key":"S0031182005008395_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson, R. C. (2000). Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates. Their Development and Transmission , 2nd Edn,CABI Publishing,Guilford, UK.","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851994215.0000"},{"key":"S0031182005008395_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(88)90535-4"},{"key":"S0031182005008395_ref024","unstructured":"Wang, Z. X. , Wang, K. C. , Shen, J. L. , Chen, Q. , Wang, H. Y. , Zhang, L. W. , Wang, Z. C. and Jiang, B. L. 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