{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T04:59:19Z","timestamp":1789880359603,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,12]],"date-time":"2005-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1126483200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Trypanosomosis is a major cause of mortality for dogs in Nigeria and treatment with diminazene aceturate has steadily become less effective, either as a result of low quality of the locally available diminazene preparations or of drug resistance. To investigate these alternatives, samples of locally obtained drugs were analysed for diminazene aceturate content and a strain of<jats:italic>Trypanosoma brucei brucei<\/jats:italic>was isolated from a diminazene-refractory dog in Nsukka, south-eastern Nigeria, and used to infect albino rats. The quality of diminazene aceturate-based preparations was variable, with two preparations containing less than 95% of the stated active compound. Rats infected with<jats:italic>T. brucei<\/jats:italic>isolated from the dog were treated 7 and 10 days after infection either with 7 mg\/kg diminazene aceturate (intraperitoneally, once) or with 4 mg\/kg pentamidine isethionate (intramuscularly, 7 consecutive days). Relapse rates were 100% for both trypanocides in the groups of rat treated 10 days post-infection, and 83% and 50% of rats treated 7 days after infection relapsed to diminazene aceturate and pentamidine isethionate, respectively. Careful consideration of physiological parameters showed that pentamidine was only marginally superior to diminazene aceturate as applied in this study. It was concluded that dogs in Nigeria are infected with genuinely diminazene aceturate-resistant trypanosomes that appear to be cross-resistant to pentamidine isethionate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182005008760","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,12]],"date-time":"2005-09-12T11:55:19Z","timestamp":1126526119000},"page":"127-133","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["A diminazene-resistant strain of<i>Trypanosoma brucei brucei<\/i>isolated from a dog is cross-resistant to pentamidine in experimentally infected albino rats"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"132","author":[{"given":"B. M.","family":"ANENE","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. C.","family":"EZEOKONKWO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. I.","family":"MMESIRIONYE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. N. A.","family":"TETTEY","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. M.","family":"BROCK","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. P.","family":"BARRETT","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. P.","family":"DE KONING","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182005008760_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tait, A. , Babiker, E. A. and Le Ray, D. (1984).Enzyme variation in Trypanosoma brucei spp. I Evidence for the sub-speciation of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense .Parasitology 89,311\u2013326.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000001335"},{"key":"S0031182005008760_ref035","unstructured":"Soulsby, E. J. L. (1982). Helminths, Arthropods and Protozoa of Domesticated Animals , 7th Edn. Bailliere Tindall, London,UK."},{"key":"S0031182005008760_ref034","unstructured":"Sayer, P. G. , Morrison, W. I. , Preston, T. M. , Hird, S. F. , Price, J. E. and Murray, M. (1979).African trypanosomiasis in the dog. In 15th International Scientific Council for Trypanosomiasis Research and Control (OAU\/STRC) , Banjul, The Gambia . pp.489\u2013496."},{"key":"S0031182005008760_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2002.67.289"},{"key":"S0031182005008760_ref029","unstructured":"Mbwanbo, H. A. , Mella, P. N. P. and Lekaki, K. A. (1988).Berenil (diminazene aceturate) resistant Trypanosoma congolense in cattle under natural tse tse challenge at Kilaha Tanzania.Acta Tropica 45,239\u2013244."},{"key":"S0031182005008760_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(92)90047-O"},{"key":"S0031182005008760_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jennings, F. W. , Whitelaw, D. D. , Holmes, P. H. , Chizyuka, H. G. B. and Urquhart, G. M. (1979).The brain as a source of relapsing T. brucei infection in mice after chemotherapy.International Journal for Parasitology 9,381\u2013384.","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(79)90089-4"},{"key":"S0031182005008760_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000062284"},{"key":"S0031182005008760_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(76)90110-7"},{"key":"S0031182005008760_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(99)00206-6"},{"key":"S0031182005008760_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.5.1515-1519.2004"},{"key":"S0031182005008760_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Koning, H. P. (2001 a).Uptake of Pentamidine in Trypanosoma brucei brucei is mediated by three distinct transporters: Implications for cross-resistance with arsenicals.Molecular Pharmacology 59,586\u2013592.","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.59.3.586"},{"key":"S0031182005008760_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(94)00215-9"},{"key":"S0031182005008760_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(99)01414-3"},{"key":"S0031182005008760_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(93)90145-6"},{"key":"S0031182005008760_ref005","unstructured":"Anika, S. M. , Shetty, S. N. , Asuzu, I. U. and Chime, A. B. (1987).Effects of some trypanocides and anti-inflammatory agents in experimental Trypanosoma brucei infection in mice.Zariya Veterinarian 2,9\u201315."},{"key":"S0031182005008760_ref002","unstructured":"Anene, B. M. , Chukwu, C. C. , Chime, A. B. and Anika, S. M. (1989).Comparative clinical and haematological observations in dogs infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Trypanosoma congolense treated with diminazene aceturate.Zariya Veterinarian 4,11\u201318."},{"key":"S0031182005008760_ref001","unstructured":"Anene, B. M. and Omamegbe, J. O. (1987).Common diseases of dogs in Nigeria.Zariya Veterinarian 2,46\u201355."},{"key":"S0031182005008760_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anene, B. M. , Chukwu, C. C. and Anika, S. M. (1999).Sensitivity to diminazene aceturate and isometamidium chloride of trypanosomes isolated from dogs in Nsukka area, Nigeria. Revue d'Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux 52,129\u2013131.","DOI":"10.19182\/remvt.9687"},{"key":"S0031182005008760_ref021","unstructured":"Kaggwa, E. , Munyua, W. K. and Mugera, G. M. (1984).The pathogenicity of Trypanosoma brucei brucei in dogs.Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa 82,360\u2013368."},{"key":"S0031182005008760_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peregrine, A. S. (1991).Chemotherapy and delivery systems; haemoparasites.Veterinary Parasitology 54,223\u2013248.","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(94)90092-2"},{"key":"S0031182005008760_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0731-7085(02)00450-8"},{"key":"S0031182005008760_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4922(00)01827-4"},{"key":"S0031182005008760_ref030","unstructured":"Omamegbe, J. O. , Orajaka, L. J. E. and Emehelu, C. O. 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