{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]],"date-time":"2023-10-09T20:29:56Z","timestamp":1696883396545},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,25]],"date-time":"2005-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1132876800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The clinical spectrum of<jats:italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/jats:italic>infection varies from asymptomatic to mild, moderate or severe vaginitis. Nitric oxide and other reactive nitrogen radicals produced by immune effector cells are important cytotoxic and cytostatic mediators against several microorganisms including parasites. In the present study, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNI) were determined in leucocyte cultures (stimulated with<jats:italic>T. vaginalis in vitro<\/jats:italic>) and vaginal washes (VWs) of 22 symptomatic and 20 asymptomatic<jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>-infected and 20 healthy women by immunoblotting and Griess method respectively. The iNOS protein was detected in leucocytes and VWs of all the symptomatic and asymptomatic women, but was not detected in any of the samples from healthy women. Mean iNOS protein band intensity was significantly higher in leucocytes as compared to VWs (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0\u00b7001) of both symptomatic and asymptomatic women and was also higher in leucocytes of asymptomatic as compared to symptomatic women (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0\u00b705). Mean RNI concentration was also significantly higher in leucocytes (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0\u00b701) and VWs (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0\u00b705) of asymptomatic as compared to symptomatic women, and was also higher in samples of infected as compared to healthy women (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0\u00b7001). These results suggest that reactive nitrogen radicals may have a role in limiting<jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>infection in asymptomatic women.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182005009340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,25]],"date-time":"2005-11-25T13:57:49Z","timestamp":1132927069000},"page":"339-343","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Nitric oxide radicals in leucocytes and vaginal washes of<i>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/i>-infected symptomatic and asymptomatic women"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"132","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"YADAV","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. L.","family":"DUBEY","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"GUPTA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"MALLA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182005009340_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.76.4.303"},{"key":"S0031182005009340_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(90)91115-S"},{"key":"S0031182005009340_ref024","unstructured":"Sharma, P. , Malla, N. , Gupta, I. , Ganguly, N. K. and Mahajan, R. C. (1988).Prevalence of trichomoniasis is symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects using different contraceptive devices.Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology 6,315\u2013322."},{"key":"S0031182005009340_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.1.400-402.2000"},{"key":"S0031182005009340_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1994.tb00346.x"},{"key":"S0031182005009340_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004360100396"},{"key":"S0031182005009340_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moshage, H. (1997).Nitric oxide determinations; much a do about NO* \u2013 thing?Clinical Chemistry 43,553\u2013557.","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/43.4.553"},{"key":"S0031182005009340_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(00)01748-8"},{"key":"S0031182005009340_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(84)90392-2"},{"key":"S0031182005009340_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(12)90722-X"},{"key":"S0031182005009340_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.20.11507"},{"key":"S0031182005009340_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Green, S. J. , Meltzer, M. S. , Hibbs, J. B. and Nacy, C. A. (1990).Activated macrophages destroy intracellular Leishmania major amastigotes by an L-arginine-dependent killing mechanism.Journal of Immunology 144,278\u2013283.","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.144.1.278"},{"key":"S0031182005009340_ref004","unstructured":"Diamond, L. S. (1970).Serum requirements of axenically cultivated E. histolytica .Journal of Parasitology 56,79\u201381."},{"key":"S0031182005009340_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830230631"},{"key":"S0031182005009340_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alderete, J. F. , Demes, P. , Gombosova, A. , Valent, M. , Fabusova, M. , Janoska, A. , Stefanovic, J. and Arroyo, R. (1988).Specific parasitism of purified vaginal epithelial cells by Trichomonas vaginalis .Infection and Immunity 56,2558\u20132562.","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.56.10.2558-2562.1988"},{"key":"S0031182005009340_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adams, L. B. , Hibbs, J. B. , Taintor, R. R. and Krahenbuhl, J. L. (1990).Microbiostatic effect of murine-activated macrophages for Toxoplasma gondii, Role for synthesis of inorganic nitrogen oxides from L-arginine.Journal of Immunology 144,2725\u20132729.","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.144.7.2725"},{"key":"S0031182005009340_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000159039"},{"key":"S0031182005009340_ref025","unstructured":"Sharma, P. , Malla, N. , Gupta, I. , Ganguly, N. K. and Mahajan, R. C. (1991).Comparison of wet mount, culture and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for the diagnosis of trichomoniasis in women.Tropical and Geographical Medicine 43,257\u2013260."},{"key":"S0031182005009340_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2432665"},{"key":"S0031182005009340_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2002.01716.x"},{"key":"S0031182005009340_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fouts, A. C. and Kraus, S. J. (1993). 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In vitro determination of phagocytosis and intracellular killing by polymorphonuclear and mononuclear phagocytes. In:Handbook of Experimental Immunology, Vol. 2, 4th Edn (ed. Weir, D. M. , Herzenberg, L. A. and Blackwell, C. ), pp.46.6\u201346.15.Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, UK."}],"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0031182005009340","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]],"date-time":"2023-05-05T16:35:30Z","timestamp":1683304530000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0031182005009340\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,25]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031182005009340"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182005009340","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-1820","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,25]]}}}