{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T03:32:10Z","timestamp":1777087930186,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,12]],"date-time":"2006-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1152662400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The Global Program for the Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF) intends to achieve its aims through yearly mass treatments with albendazole (ABZ) combined with ivermectin (IVM) or diethylcarbamazine (DEC). The use of ABZ and IVM separately to combat parasites of veterinary importance has, on many occasions, resulted in widespread drug resistance. In order to help predict the spread of potential ABZ resistance alleles through a population of <jats:italic>Wuchereria bancrofti<\/jats:italic>, we have developed a mathematical model that incorporates population genetics into EPIFIL, a model which examines the transmission dynamics of the parasite. Our model considers the effect of the combined treatments on the frequency of a recessive allele, which confers ABZ resistance. The model predicts that after 10 yearly treatments with ALB and DEC, 85% coverage and an initial resistance allele frequency of 5%, the frequency of the resistance genotype will increase from 0\u00b725 to 12\u00b77%. If non-random mating is assumed, the initial genotype frequency will be 2\u00b734% and will increase to 62\u00b77%. ABZ and IVM combination treatment may lead to weaker selection for this genotype. Treatment coverage, initial allele frequencies and number of treatments also affect the rate of selection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s003118200600076x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,12]],"date-time":"2006-07-12T10:14:27Z","timestamp":1152699267000},"page":"589-601","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Population genetics of concurrent selection with albendazole and ivermectin or diethylcarbamazine on the possible spread of albendazole resistance in <i>Wuchereria bancrofti<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"133","author":[{"given":"A. E.","family":"SCHWAB","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T. S.","family":"CHURCHER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. J.","family":"SCHWAB","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.-G.","family":"BAS\u00c1\u00d1EZ","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. K.","family":"PRICHARD","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"S003118200600076X_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000060613"},{"key":"S003118200600076X_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182004004822"},{"key":"S003118200600076X_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1998.0370"},{"key":"S003118200600076X_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0832206100"},{"key":"S003118200600076X_ref51a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.07.010"},{"key":"S003118200600076X_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/163.5.1157"},{"key":"S003118200600076X_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2002.67.669"},{"key":"S003118200600076X_ref011","unstructured":"Chan, M. S. , Norman, R. A. , Michael, E. , Bundy, D. A. , Das, P. K. , Pani, S. P. and Ramaiah, K. D. (1999). http:\/\/www.schoolsandhealth.org\/epidynamics.htm."},{"key":"S003118200600076X_ref026","unstructured":"Hayashi, S. (1962).A mathematical analysis on the epidemiology of Bancroftian and Malayan filariasis in Japan.Japanese Journal of Experimantal Medicine 32,13\u201343."},{"key":"S003118200600076X_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(90)90030-Q"},{"key":"S003118200600076X_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(04)00973-9"},{"key":"S003118200600076X_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)02231-9"},{"key":"S003118200600076X_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1998.0277"},{"key":"S003118200600076X_ref048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70192-4"},{"key":"S003118200600076X_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(90)90019-J"},{"key":"S003118200600076X_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1998.59.606"},{"key":"S003118200600076X_ref045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182004005980"},{"key":"S003118200600076X_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe020136"},{"key":"S003118200600076X_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwab, A. E. , Boakye, D. , Kyelem, D. and Prichard, R. K. (2005).Detection of benzimidazole-resistance associated mutations in the filarial nematode Wuchereria bancrofti and evidence for selection with albendazole and ivermectin treatment.American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 73,234\u2013238.","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.73.234"},{"key":"S003118200600076X_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2000.00620.x"},{"key":"S003118200600076X_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(98)00186-6"},{"key":"S003118200600076X_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60561-8"},{"key":"S003118200600076X_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(97)01151-4"},{"key":"S003118200600076X_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(89)90399-4"},{"key":"S003118200600076X_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(90)90199-W"},{"key":"S003118200600076X_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002850000051"},{"key":"S003118200600076X_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/004947550003000324"},{"key":"S003118200600076X_ref022","unstructured":"Eberhard, M. L. , Lowrie, R. C., Jr. and Lammie, P. J. (1988).Persistence of microfilaremia in bancroftian filariasis after diethylcarbamazine citrate therapy.Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 39,128\u2013130."},{"key":"S003118200600076X_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08607-5"},{"key":"S003118200600076X_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carme, B. and Laigret, J. (1979).Longevity of Wuchereria bancrofti var. pacifica and mosquito infection acquired from a patient with low level parasitemia.American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 28,53\u201355.","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1979.28.53"},{"key":"S003118200600076X_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-1-12"},{"key":"S003118200600076X_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beech, R. N. , Prichard, R. K. and Scott, M. E. (1994).Genetic variability of the beta-tubulin genes in benzimidazole-susceptible and -resistant strains of Haemonchus contortus .Genetics 138,103\u2013110.","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/138.1.103"},{"key":"S003118200600076X_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plaisier, A. P. , Subramanian, S. , Das, P. K. , Souza, W. , Lapa, T. , Furtado, A. F. , Van der Ploeg, C. P. , Habbema, J. D. and van Oortmarssen, G. J. (1998).The LYMFASIM simulation program for modeling lymphatic filariasis and its control.Methods of Information in Medicine 37,97\u2013108.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1634505"},{"key":"S003118200600076X_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.151.6.165"},{"key":"S003118200600076X_ref049","unstructured":"van Wyk, J. A. (2001).Refugia \u2013 overlooked as perhaps the most potent factor concerning the development of anthelmintic resistance.Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 68,55\u201367."},{"key":"S003118200600076X_ref051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(96)90106-6"},{"key":"S003118200600076X_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4922(01)02013-X"},{"key":"S003118200600076X_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.08.019"},{"key":"S003118200600076X_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.2001.00398.x"},{"key":"S003118200600076X_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000083426"},{"key":"S003118200600076X_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000075260"},{"key":"S003118200600076X_ref052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/00034980215002347"},{"key":"S003118200600076X_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.1999.00351.x"},{"key":"S003118200600076X_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/000349802125002518"},{"key":"S003118200600076X_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(00)90278-5"},{"key":"S003118200600076X_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1980.tb15983.x"},{"key":"S003118200600076X_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Durrheim, D. N. , Wynd, S. , Liese, B. and Gyapong, J. O. (2004).Editorial: lymphatic filariasis endemicity \u2013 an indicator of poverty?Tropical Medicine and International Health 9,843\u2013845.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2004.01287.x"},{"key":"S003118200600076X_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268899003702"},{"key":"S003118200600076X_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/378354"},{"key":"S003118200600076X_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(92)90248-Z"},{"key":"S003118200600076X_ref047","unstructured":"Subramanian, S. , Vanamail, P. , Ramaiah, K. D. , Pani, S. P. , Das, P. K. and Rajagopalan, P. K. (1989).A simple deterministic model for host-parasite relationship in Wuchereria bancrofti infection and its relevance to parasite regulation in human host.Indian Journal of Medical Research 89,411\u2013417."},{"key":"S003118200600076X_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(98)90972-5"},{"key":"S003118200600076X_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/297557a0"}],"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S003118200600076X","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T23:55:55Z","timestamp":1750463755000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S003118200600076X\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,12]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S003118200600076X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s003118200600076x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-1820","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,12]]}}}