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To investigate this hypothesis we developed a simulation model that integrates the transmission pattern imposed by seasonally asynchronous nymphal and larval<jats:italic>Ixodes scapularis<\/jats:italic>ticks in northeastern North America, with a model of infection in white-footed mice (<jats:italic>Peromyscus leucopus<\/jats:italic>) reservoir hosts, using the bacteria<jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Anaplasma phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic>as examples. In simulations, survival of microparasites, their sensitivity to reduced rodent and tick abundance, and to \u2018dilution\u2019 by a reservoir-incompetent host depended on traits that allowed (i) highly efficient transmission from acutely-infected hosts, (ii) long-lived acute or \u2018carrier\u2019 host infections, and\/or (iii) transmission amongst co-feeding ticks. Minimum values for transmission efficiency to ticks, and duration of host infectivity, necessary for microparasite persistence, were always higher when nymphal and larval ticks were seasonally asynchronous than when these instars were synchronous. Thus, traits influencing duration of host infectivity, transmission efficiency to ticks and co-feeding transmission are likely to be dominant determinants of fitness in<jats:italic>I. scapularis<\/jats:italic>-borne microparasites in northeastern North America due to abiotic forcings influencing<jats:italic>I. scapularis<\/jats:italic>seasonality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182006001417","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,11]],"date-time":"2006-10-11T09:46:20Z","timestamp":1160559980000},"page":"209-227","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":111,"title":["Vector seasonality, host infection dynamics and fitness of pathogens transmitted by the tick<i>Ixodes scapularis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"134","author":[{"given":"N. 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