{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T18:07:22Z","timestamp":1793383642666,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,1]],"date-time":"2006-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1162339200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Although<jats:italic>Babesia divergens<\/jats:italic>is the the principal confirmed zoonotic<jats:italic>Babesia sp<\/jats:italic>. in Europe, there are gaps in our knowledge of its biology and transmission by the tick<jats:italic>Ixodes ricinus<\/jats:italic>. In order to reproduce the part of the parasite cycle that occurs in the vector, an<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>animal skin feeding technique on blood containing<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>cultivated<jats:italic>B. divergens<\/jats:italic>was developed. Parasite DNA was detected in all samples of salivary glands of nymphs and adults that had fed on parasitized blood as larvae and nymphs, respectively, indicating acquisition as well as a transtadial persistence of<jats:italic>B. divergens<\/jats:italic>. PCR performed on eggs and larvae produced by females that had fed on parasitized blood demonstrated the existence of a transovarial transmission of the parasite. Gorging<jats:italic>B. divergens<\/jats:italic>infected larvae on non-infected gerbils showed persistance of the parasite over moulting into the resulting nymphs. These results indicate that the parasitic stages infective for the vector (i.e. the sexual stages) can be produced<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. To our knowledge, this is the first report of artificial feeding of<jats:italic>I. ricinus<\/jats:italic>via membrane as well as<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>transmission of<jats:italic>B. divergens<\/jats:italic>to its vector. The opportunities offered by the use of such a transmission model of a pathogen by<jats:italic>I. ricinus<\/jats:italic>are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182006001545","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,1]],"date-time":"2006-11-01T08:54:13Z","timestamp":1162371253000},"page":"197-207","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":161,"title":["Transstadial and transovarial persistence of<i>Babesia divergens<\/i>DNA in<i>Ixodes ricinus<\/i>ticks fed on infected blood in a new skin-feeding technique"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"134","author":[{"given":"S.","family":"BONNET","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"JOUGLIN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"MALANDRIN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"BECKER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"AGOULON","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"L'HOSTIS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"CHAUVIN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182006001545_ref045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1996.tb53527.x"},{"key":"S0031182006001545_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1570-7458.1979.tb02857.x"},{"key":"S0031182006001545_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V\u00e4yrynen, R. and Tuomi, J. 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