{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T17:46:10Z","timestamp":1784137570670,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,3]],"date-time":"2006-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1138924800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The ability to increase the chances that infectious prey are taken by predators is an observed feature of many parasites that rely on one or more predator-prey relationships to complete their life-cycle. In the sylvatic life-cycle of<jats:italic>Echinococcus multilocularis<\/jats:italic>\u2013 the causative agent of human alveolar echinococcosis \u2013 foxes are the final host, with voles acting as intermediate hosts. Here we review the evidence that<jats:italic>E. multilocularis<\/jats:italic>causes increased susceptibility to predation and present a general mathematical model for the sylvatic life-cycle. The ability to increase susceptibility to predation in the intermediate host reduces the sensitivity of the parasite population to adverse conditions. For example, there is no critical density of foxes below which the parasite is expected to die out, even if the effect of the parasite on infected prey is very small. We suggest that increased susceptibility to predation is a plausible explanation for the observed resilience of<jats:italic>E. multilocularis<\/jats:italic>during and following field trials of praziquantel baiting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182006009838","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,3]],"date-time":"2006-02-03T09:24:45Z","timestamp":1138958685000},"page":"893-901","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Implications of increased susceptibility to predation for managing the sylvatic cycle of<i>Echinococcus multilocularis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"132","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"VERVAEKE","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"DAVIS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"LEIRS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"VERHAGEN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182006009838_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(01)00424-1"},{"key":"S0031182006009838_ref009","unstructured":"Gloor, S. , Bontadina, F. , Hegglin, D. , Deplazes, P. and Breitenmoser, U. (2001).The rise of urban fox populations in Switzerland.Mammalian Biology 66,155\u2013164."},{"key":"S0031182006009838_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268801006112"},{"key":"S0031182006009838_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5877(03)00084-9"},{"key":"S0031182006009838_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0903.020341"},{"key":"S0031182006009838_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0450.1976.tb00696.x"},{"key":"S0031182006009838_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-3472(80)80031-5"},{"key":"S0031182006009838_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(03)00127-9"},{"key":"S0031182006009838_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00276947"},{"key":"S0031182006009838_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/1983585439"},{"key":"S0031182006009838_ref031","unstructured":"Schmitt, M. , Saucy, F. , Wyborn, S. and Gottstein, B. (1997).Infestation of water voles (Arvicola terrestris) with metacestodes of Echinococcus multilocularis in the canton of Freiburg (Switzerland).Schweizer Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Obst- und Weinbau 139,84\u201393."},{"key":"S0031182006009838_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1997.11813128"},{"key":"S0031182006009838_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2005.08.012"},{"key":"S0031182006009838_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/R96090"},{"key":"S0031182006009838_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0910.030138"},{"key":"S0031182006009838_ref006","unstructured":"Dobson, A. P. (1988).The population biology of parasite-induced changes in host behaviour.Quarterly Review of Mammalogy 63,139\u2013165."},{"key":"S0031182006009838_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000081075"},{"key":"S0031182006009838_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(01)00280-6"},{"key":"S0031182006009838_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(94)00655-V"},{"key":"S0031182006009838_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/z88-401"},{"key":"S0031182006009838_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0399-077X(01)80065-2"},{"key":"S0031182006009838_ref011","unstructured":"Hansen, F. , Tackmann, K. , Jeltsch, F. , Staubach, C. and Thulke, H. (2002).If space changes all, the small-scale epidemiology of the fox tapeworm. In Proceedings of the Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine (ed. Menzies, F. D. and Reid, S. W. J. ), pp.73\u201385.Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine,The Netherlands."},{"key":"S0031182006009838_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182099005351"},{"key":"S0031182006009838_ref015","unstructured":"Holmes, J. C. and Bethel, W. M. (1972).Modification of intermediate host behaviour by parasites.Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 51,123\u2013149."},{"key":"S0031182006009838_ref016","unstructured":"Hudson, P. J. , Rizzoli, A. , Grenfell, B. T. , Heesterbeek, H. and Dobson, A. P. (2002). The Ecology of Wildlife Diseases .Oxford University Press,Oxford."},{"key":"S0031182006009838_ref021","unstructured":"Macdonald, D. W. , Mathews, F. and Berdoy, M. (1999).The behaviour and ecology of Rattus norvegicus: from opportunism to kamikaze tendencies. In Ecologically Based Management of Rodent Pests (ed. Singleton, G. R. , Hinds, L. , Leirs, H. and Zhang, Z. ), pp.49\u201380.ACIAR,Canberra."},{"key":"S0031182006009838_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851996158.0243"},{"key":"S0031182006009838_ref028","unstructured":"Romig, T. (2002).Spread of Echinococcus multilocularis in Europe? In Cestode Zoonoses: Echinococcosis and Cysticercosis (ed. Craig, P. and Pawlowski, Z. ), pp.65\u201380.IOS Press,Oxford, UK."},{"key":"S0031182006009838_ref022","unstructured":"Moore, J. (2002). Parasites and the Behaviour of Animals .Oxford University Press,Oxford."},{"key":"S0031182006009838_ref029","unstructured":"Romig, T. , Bilger, B. , Dinkel, A. , Merli, M. and Mackenstedt, U. (1999). Echinococcus multilocularis in animal hosts: new data from western Europe.Helminthologia 36,185\u2013191."},{"key":"S0031182006009838_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268897008406"},{"key":"S0031182006009838_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(03)00212-7"},{"key":"S0031182006009838_ref007","unstructured":"Eckert, J. , Gemmell, M. A. , Meslin, F. X. and Pawlowski, Z. S. (2001). WHO\/OIE Manual on Echinococcosis in Humans and Animals: a Public Health Problem of Global Concern .World Organization for Animal Health."},{"key":"S0031182006009838_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268802007148"},{"key":"S0031182006009838_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joly, D. O. and Messier, F. 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