{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T20:27:23Z","timestamp":1791404843905,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,10]],"date-time":"2006-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1139529600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Ivermectin treatment may induce severe adverse reactions in some individuals heavily infected with<jats:italic>Loa loa<\/jats:italic>. This hampers the implementation of mass ivermectin treatment against onchocerciasis in areas where<jats:italic>Onchocerca volvulus<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>L. loa<\/jats:italic>are co-endemic. In order to identify factors, including co-infections, which may explain the presence of high<jats:italic>L. loa<\/jats:italic>microfilaraemia in some individuals, we analysed data collected in 19 villages of central Cameroon. Two standardized skin snips and 30 \u03bcl of blood were obtained from each of 3190 participants and the microfilarial (mf) loads of both<jats:italic>O. volvulus<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>L. loa<\/jats:italic>were quantified. The data were analysed using multivariate hierarchical models. Individual-level variables were: age, sex, mf presence, and mf load; village-related variables included the endemicity levels for each infection. The two species show a certain degree of ecological separation in the study area. However, for a given individual host, the presence of microfilariae of one species was positively associated with the presence of microfilariae of the other (OR=1\u00b779, 95% CI [1\u00b743\u20132\u00b724]). Among individuals harbouring<jats:italic>Loa<\/jats:italic>microfilariae, there was a slight positive relationship between the<jats:italic>L. loa<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>O. volvulus<\/jats:italic>mf loads which corresponded to an 11% increase in<jats:italic>L. loa<\/jats:italic>mf load per 100<jats:italic>O. volvulus<\/jats:italic>microfilariae. Co-infection with<jats:italic>O. volvulus<\/jats:italic>is not sufficient to explain the very high<jats:italic>L. loa<\/jats:italic>mf loads harboured by some individuals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s003118200600984x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,10]],"date-time":"2006-02-10T09:42:54Z","timestamp":1139564574000},"page":"843-854","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Co-infection with<i>Onchocerca volvulus<\/i>and<i>Loa loa<\/i>microfilariae in central Cameroon: are these two species interacting?"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"132","author":[{"given":"S. D. S.","family":"PION","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"CLARKE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. A. 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(2003).Serious adverse events following treatment with ivermectin for onchocerciasis control: a review of reported cases.Filaria Journal 2 (Suppl. 1),S3.","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2883-2-S1-S3"},{"key":"S003118200600984X_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.2001.11813662"},{"key":"S003118200600984X_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02490"},{"key":"S003118200600984X_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1997.11813176"},{"key":"S003118200600984X_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-198407000-00027"},{"key":"S003118200600984X_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182005007791"},{"key":"S003118200600984X_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.1999.00442.x"},{"key":"S003118200600984X_ref036","unstructured":"Rasbash, J. , Steele, F. , Browne, W. and Prosser, B. (2004). 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(1965).Enc\u00e9phalite \u00e0 Loa loa, trait\u00e9e par l'association de cortisone et de carbamazine.Revue Belge de Pathologie et de M\u00e9decine Exp\u00e9rimentale 31,232\u2013244."},{"key":"S003118200600984X_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000016796"},{"key":"S003118200600984X_ref005","unstructured":"Boulesteix, G. and Carme, B. 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(2001).Hyperend\u00e9micit\u00e9 de la loase dans la plaine Tikar, r\u00e9gion de savane arbustive du Cameroun.Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de Pathologie Exotique 94,342\u2013346."},{"key":"S003118200600984X_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1981.30.590"},{"key":"S003118200600984X_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1183"},{"key":"S003118200600984X_ref030","unstructured":"Moreau, J. P. , Prost, A. and Prod'hon, J. (1978).Essai de normalisation de la m\u00e9thodologie des enqu\u00eates clinico-parasitologiques sur l'onchocercose en Afrique de l'Ouest.M\u00e9decine Tropicale (Mars)38,43\u201351."},{"key":"S003118200600984X_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/136485905X51300"},{"key":"S003118200600984X_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182004005694"},{"key":"S003118200600984X_ref037","unstructured":"Remme, J. , Ba, O. , Dadzie, K. Y. and Karam, M. 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