{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T20:16:39Z","timestamp":1790712999067,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,27]],"date-time":"2006-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1143417600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The southern fiddler ray, <jats:italic>Trygonorrhina fasciata<\/jats:italic> (Rhinobatidae), is parasitized by 3 monogenean (platyhelminth) species from 3 families on 3 different sites of the host: <jats:italic>Calicotyle australis<\/jats:italic> (Monocotylidae) from the cloaca, <jats:italic>Pseudoleptobothrium aptychotremae<\/jats:italic> (Microbothriidae) from the skin and <jats:italic>Branchotenthes octohamatus<\/jats:italic> (Hexabothriidae) from the gills. Cues that promote egg hatching were investigated for each species and the behaviour of their larvae was also documented. Eggs were laid by parasites <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> and maintained at 22 \u00b0C. Three different egg hatching and host finding strategies were discovered. <jats:italic>Calicotyle australis<\/jats:italic> eggs hatched spontaneously with a strong diurnal rhythm that is likely to be under circadian control. The larva is ciliated, photo-responsive and can survive for up to 24 h at 22 \u00b0C after hatching. <jats:italic>Pseudoleptobothrium aptychotremae<\/jats:italic> may have a \u2018bet-hedging\u2019 strategy. Some eggs hatched spontaneously and rhythmically. However, since the hatching success was low, it is possible that other eggs require a different cue provided by the host. The larva is also ciliated but shows no photo-response and was observed to remain active for &lt;4 h at 22 \u00b0C after hatching. <jats:italic>Branchotenthes octohamatus<\/jats:italic> has a \u2018sit-and-wait\u2019 strategy that depends on mechanical disturbance to stimulate hatching. The larva is unciliated, shows no photo-response but may survive for more than 2 days at 22 \u00b0C after hatching. The implications of hatching strategy, larval behaviour and morphology in the goal to find a host are discussed for each species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s003118200600998x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,27]],"date-time":"2006-03-27T11:43:00Z","timestamp":1143459780000},"page":"55-66","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Three unrelated species, 3 sites, same host \u2013 monogenean parasites of the southern fiddler ray, <i>Trygonorrhina fasciata<\/i>, in South Australia: egg hatching strategies and larval behaviour"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"133","author":[{"given":"V.","family":"GLENNON","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. A.","family":"CHISHOLM","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I. D.","family":"WHITTINGTON","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"S003118200600998X_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whittington, I. D. (1987 a).Hatching in two monogenean parasites from the common dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula): the polyopisthocotylean gill parasite, Hexabothrium appendiculatum and the microbothriid skin parasite, Leptocotyle minor .Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 67,729\u2013756.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025315400057003"},{"key":"S003118200600998X_ref024","unstructured":"Macdonald, S. and Combes, C. (1978).The hatching rhythm of Polystoma integerrimum, a monogenean from the frog Rana temporaria .Chronobiologia 5,277\u2013285."},{"key":"S003118200600998X_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000045868"},{"key":"S003118200600998X_ref022","unstructured":"Lyons, K. M. (1972).Sense organs of monogeneans.Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 51,181\u2013199."},{"key":"S003118200600998X_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Last, P. R. and Stevens, J. D. (1994). Sharks and Rays of Australia .Publication of CSIRO Division of Fisheries,Australia.","DOI":"10.2307\/1446735"},{"key":"S003118200600998X_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glennon, V. , Chisholm, L. A. and Whittington, I. D. (2005). Branchotenthes octohamatus sp. n. (Monogenea: Hexabothriidae) from the gills of the southern fiddler ray, Trygonorrhina fasciata (Rhinobatidae) in South Australia: description of adult and larva.Folia Parasitologica 52,223\u2013230.","DOI":"10.14411\/fp.2005.030"},{"key":"S003118200600998X_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/074873040001500305"},{"key":"S003118200600998X_ref005","unstructured":"Dunlap, J. C. , Loros, J. J. and DeCoursey, P. J. (2004). Chronobiology: Biological Timekeeping .Sinauer Associates,Sunderland."},{"key":"S003118200600998X_ref018","unstructured":"Kearn, G. C. , Ogawa, K. and Maeno, Y. (1992).Hatching patterns of the monogenean parasites Benedenia seriolae and Heteraxine heterocerca from the skin and gills, respectively, of the same host fish, Seriola quinqueradiata .Zoological Science 9,451\u2013455."},{"key":"S003118200600998X_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025315400039679"},{"key":"S003118200600998X_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glennon, V. , Chisholm, L. A. and Whittington, I. D. (2006 b). Pseudoleptobothrium aptychotremae Young, 1967 (Monogenea: Microbothriidae) redescribed from a new host, the southern fiddler ray, Trygonorrhina fasciata (Rhinobatidae) in South Australia with a description of the larva and post-larval development.Acta Parasitologica (in the Press).","DOI":"10.2478\/s11686-006-0005-9"},{"key":"S003118200600998X_ref008","unstructured":"Gannicott, A. M. and Tinsley, R. C. (1997).Egg hatching in the monogenean gill parasite Discocotyle sagittata from the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).Parasitology 114,569\u2013579."},{"key":"S003118200600998X_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000044486"},{"key":"S003118200600998X_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(90)90409-W"},{"key":"S003118200600998X_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000048897"},{"key":"S003118200600998X_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000055050"},{"key":"S003118200600998X_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whittington, I. D. (1987 b).Studies on the behaviour of the oncomiracidia of the monogenean parasites Hexabothrium appendiculatum and Leptocotyle minor from the common dogfish, Scyliorhinus canicula .Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 67,773\u2013784.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025315400057027"},{"key":"S003118200600998X_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whittington, I. D. , Chisholm, L. A. and Rohde, K. (2000).The larvae of Monogenea (Platyhelminthes).Advances in Parasitology 44,139\u2013232.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60232-8"},{"key":"S003118200600998X_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ernst, I. and Whittington, I. D. (1996).Hatching rhythms in the capsalid monogeneans Benedenia lutjani from the skin and B. rohdei from the gills of Lutjanus carponotatus at Heron Island, Queensland, Australia.International Journal for Parasitology 26,1191\u20131204.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(96)00118-X"},{"key":"S003118200600998X_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Refinetti, R. (2000). Circadian Physiology .CRC Press,Boca Raton.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420048216"},{"key":"S003118200600998X_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000085103"},{"key":"S003118200600998X_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/z81-293"},{"key":"S003118200600998X_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01022371"},{"key":"S003118200600998X_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(88)90127-0"},{"key":"S003118200600998X_ref021","unstructured":"Lorenz, K. and Tinbergen, N. (1957).Taxis and instinct. 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(1960).Le d\u00e9veloppement postlarvaire de Squalonchocotyle torpedinis (Price 1942) (Monogenea, Hexabothriidae).Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Neuch\u00e2teloise des Sciences Naturelles 83,101\u2013108."},{"key":"S003118200600998X_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00008827"},{"key":"S003118200600998X_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glennon, V. , Chisholm, L. A. and Whittington, I. D. 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