{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T02:19:26Z","timestamp":1791080366416,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,5]],"date-time":"2009-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1236211200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hosts in nature will often acquire infections by different helminth species over their lifetime. This presents the potential for new infections to be affected (particularly <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> the host immune response) by a host's history of previous con- or hetero-specific infection. Here we have used an experimental rat model to investigate the consequences of a history of primary infection with either <jats:italic>Nippostrongylus brasiliensis<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Strongyloides venezuelensis<\/jats:italic> or <jats:italic>S. ratti<\/jats:italic> on the fitness of, and immunological response to, secondary infections of <jats:italic>S. ratti<\/jats:italic>. We found that a history of con-specific, but not hetero-specific, infection reduced the survivorship of <jats:italic>S. ratti<\/jats:italic>; the fecundity of <jats:italic>S. ratti<\/jats:italic> was not affected by a history of either con- or hetero-specific infections. We also found that a history of con-specific infection promoted Th2-type responses, as shown by increased concentrations of total IgE, <jats:italic>S. ratti<\/jats:italic>-specific IgG<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>, rat mast cell protease II (RMCPII), IL4 (but decreased concentrations of IFN\u03b3) produced by mesenteric lymph node cells in response to <jats:italic>S. ratti<\/jats:italic> antigen. Additionally, <jats:italic>S. ratti<\/jats:italic>-specific IgG<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> was positively related to the intensity of both primary and secondary infections of <jats:italic>S. ratti<\/jats:italic>. Hetero-specific primary infections were only observed to affect the concentration of total IgE and RMCPII. The overall conclusion of these experiments is that the major immunological effect acting against an infection is induced by the infection itself and that there is little effect of prior infections of the host.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182009005617","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,5]],"date-time":"2009-03-05T11:21:54Z","timestamp":1236252114000},"page":"567-577","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The effect of infection history on the fitness of the gastrointestinal nematode <i>Strongyloides ratti<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"136","author":[{"given":"C.","family":"BLEAY","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. P.","family":"WILKES","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"PATERSON","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. E.","family":"VINEY","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182009005617_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3280986"},{"key":"S0031182009005617_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1996.0032"},{"key":"S0031182009005617_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/379370"},{"key":"S0031182009005617_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182002002056"},{"key":"S0031182009005617_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.15.1.505"},{"key":"S0031182009005617_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182004005062"},{"key":"S0031182009005617_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182008000334"},{"key":"S0031182009005617_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(96)40009-6"},{"key":"S0031182009005617_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1997.tb02426.x"},{"key":"S0031182009005617_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2000.1249"},{"key":"S0031182009005617_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830241230"},{"key":"S0031182009005617_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2007.04.023"},{"key":"S0031182009005617_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1420-9101.2001.00266.x"},{"key":"S0031182009005617_ref004","volume-title":"Statistical Computing: an Introduction to Data Analysis Using S-plus","author":"Crawley","year":"2002"},{"key":"S0031182009005617_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(79)90008-0"},{"key":"S0031182009005617_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182099004631"},{"key":"S0031182009005617_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000052847"},{"key":"S0031182009005617_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2007.00945.x"},{"key":"S0031182009005617_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(99)80070-3"},{"key":"S0031182009005617_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002509"}],"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0031182009005617","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,30]],"date-time":"2019-04-30T15:25:28Z","timestamp":1556637928000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0031182009005617\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,5]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031182009005617"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182009005617","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-1820","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,5]]}}}