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After 4 and 8 months from the first diagnosis of<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>infection, clinical and laboratory examination of dogs was performed and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated. The cytokine profile was analysed in terms of IFN-gamma, IL-4, IL-10 and TNF-alpha mRNA expression in cultured PBMC by a semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR. Thirteen out of 22<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>-infected dogs remained asymptomatic in the follow-up, while 9 showed clinical signs of leishmaniasis. IL-4, IL-10, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma mRNA levels were not significantly different in asymptomatic compared to symptomatic animals 4 months from the diagnosis of<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>infection, but were significantly higher in symptomatic<jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>asymptomatic dogs after 8 months from diagnosis. In addition, IL-4, IL-10 and TNF-alpha mRNA levels significantly increased only in symptomatic dogs at 8 months, in comparison to the levels found at 4 months. These results show a mixed Th1 and Th2 cytokine response in<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>-infected dogs, with higher cytokine expression in dogs with manifest clinical disease, during the second follow-up after 8 months from the first diagnosis of infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182009006155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,2]],"date-time":"2009-06-02T12:42:29Z","timestamp":1243946549000},"page":"823-831","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Cytokine expression in dogs with natural<i>Leishmania infantum<\/i>infection"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"136","author":[{"given":"M. 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