{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T01:30:02Z","timestamp":1791250202282,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,20]],"date-time":"2009-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1250726400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>Following a period characterized by severe epidemics of sleeping sickness, restoration of effective control and surveillance systems has raised the question of eliminating the disease from sub-Saharan Africa. Given sufficient political and financial support, elimination is now considered a reasonable aim in countries reporting zero or less than 100 cases per year. This success may lead health authorities across the affected region to downgrade the disease from \u2018neglected\u2019 to simply being ignored. In view of the significant levels of under-reporting of sleeping sickness mortality in rural communities, this could be a short-sighted policy. Loss of capacity to deal with new epidemics, which can arise as a consequence of loss of commitment or civil upheaval, would have serious consequences. The present period should be seen as a clear opportunity for public-private partnerships to develop simpler and more cost-effective tools and strategies for sustainable sleeping sickness control and surveillance, including diagnostics, treatment and vector control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182009006416","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,20]],"date-time":"2009-08-20T08:40:51Z","timestamp":1250757651000},"page":"1943-1949","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["Controlling sleeping sickness \u2013 a review"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"136","author":[{"given":"S. C.","family":"WELBURN","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"MAUDLIN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. P.","family":"SIMARRO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16046-7"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1302.060075"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref056","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050055"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-8-16"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2002.00917.x"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref067","volume-title":"World Development Indicators","year":"2006"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.02.003"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0020336"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511583704"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref064","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4922(00)01839-0"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2006.01.011"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref060","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02357104"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pctr.0010039"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/432576"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(66)90024-1"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2001.00725.x"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref047","first-page":"1091","article-title":"Tsetse and trypanosomiasis control problems in south-east Uganda: past, present and alternative strategies","volume":"129","author":"Okoth","year":"1999","journal-title":"Schweizerische medizinische Wochenschrift"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref053","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/522982"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/136485906X112211"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/415424a"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.02.026"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-0493-93.1.123"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1406.071266"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref023","unstructured":"Hargrove J. W. (2003). Tsetse Eradication: Sufficiency, Necessity and Desirability. (Research Report, DFID Animal Health Programme). http:\/\/www0.sun.ac.za\/sacema\/publications\/TsetseEradication.html"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02594-05"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2005.04.003"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref046","first-page":"792","article-title":"Duration of symptoms and case fatality of sleeping sickness caused by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense in Tororo, Uganda","volume":"74","author":"Odiit","year":"1997","journal-title":"East African Medical Journal"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011131826919"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2008.02007.x"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01591.x"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2005.01470.x"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2006.01.012"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref065","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)07096-9"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1004.020626"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851994758.0491"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1959.11685911"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0707354"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S49","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-002-0766-5","article-title":"Eflornithine for treatment of human African trypanosomiasis","volume":"90","author":"Burri","year":"2003","journal-title":"Parasitology Research"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000303"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.9.4789-4795.2005"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2008153522"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2008.03.006"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-8-96"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000333"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5106.1203"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001432-200412000-00009"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2005.01549.x"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.331.7527.1238"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref007","first-page":"1","article-title":"Further report on sleeping sickness in Uganda","volume":"4","author":"Bruce","year":"1903","journal-title":"Reports of the Sleeping Sickness Commission of the Royal Society"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0812.010317","article-title":"Identifying reservoirs of infection: a conceptual and practical challenge","volume":"8","author":"Haydon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2006.07.007"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)05778-6"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref032","first-page":"35","article-title":"Campaign against sleeping sickness in South-West Uganda by trapping tsetse flies","volume":"71","author":"Lancien","year":"1991","journal-title":"Annales de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 belge de m\u00e9decine tropicale"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000209"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2006.00657.x"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.1999.00494.x"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2008.02.024"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1505-1-6"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2007.09.006"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref066","volume-title":"Control and Surveillance of African Trypanosomiasis","year":"1998"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.06.004"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.1991.tb00529.x"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39485.592674.BE"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01620.x"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2007.03.006"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref059","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2001.00724.x"},{"key":"S0031182009006416_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.317.5836.310"}],"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0031182009006416","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,21]],"date-time":"2020-05-21T15:40:41Z","timestamp":1590075641000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0031182009006416\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,20]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031182009006416"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182009006416","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-1820","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,20]]}}}