{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T11:25:29Z","timestamp":1789644329764,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,7]],"date-time":"2009-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1249603200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>An estimated quarter of the world's population possesses an infection caused by gastrointestinal nematodes, which induce a Th2 type immune response. Concomitant infection of nematodes with<jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>, which induces a predominantly Th1 type response, is very frequent in tropical and subtropical regions. This study examined immune responses of BALB\/c mice infected with<jats:italic>Strongyloides venezuelensis<\/jats:italic>and then co-infected with<jats:italic>Mycobacterium bovis<\/jats:italic>. The number of worms in the intestine, eggs in feces, cytokine production in lungs and intestine and the expression of CD80, CD86, CTLA-4 and CD28 cell markers on pulmonary cells were analysed. Our results indicate that co-infected mice had an increased parasite burden, which correlates with elevated IFN-\u03b3 and IL-10 cytokine production and decreased IL-4 and IL-13. Moreover, decreased expression of CD80 and increased expression of CTLA-4 were observed in co-infected mice. Our data point out that susceptibility to<jats:italic>Strongyloides venezuelensis<\/jats:italic>infection is increased by<jats:italic>Mycobacterium bovis<\/jats:italic>co-infection, resulting in higher parasite survival.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182009990655","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,7]],"date-time":"2009-08-07T11:47:56Z","timestamp":1249645676000},"page":"1357-1365","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Increased susceptibility to<i>Strongyloides venezuelensis<\/i>in mice due to<i>Mycobacterium bovis<\/i>co-infection which modulates production of Th2 cytokines"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"136","author":[{"given":"A. M.","family":"CARMO","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. A.","family":"VICENTINI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. 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