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Yet research into the factors, whether parasite or host, which control virulence in Human African trypanosomiasis is in its infancy. In this paper we review the clinical evidence for virulence variation and the epidemiological and experimental data that give clues as to the mechanisms involved. Evidence will be presented for both asymptomatic forms of<jats:italic>T. b. gambiense<\/jats:italic>infection and low virulence forms of<jats:italic>T. b. rhodesiense<\/jats:italic>infection in humans. While in both cases the mechanisms remain to be elucidated, the overall infection virulence phenotype is determined by both parasite and host genotype.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182010000946","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,21]],"date-time":"2010-07-21T14:26:49Z","timestamp":1279722409000},"page":"2007-2015","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["A spectrum of disease in Human African trypanosomiasis: the host and parasite genetics of virulence"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"137","author":[{"given":"JEREMY M.","family":"STERNBERG","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"LORNA","family":"MACLEAN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182010000946_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(84)90117-2"},{"key":"S0031182010000946_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(72)90209-X"},{"key":"S0031182010000946_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.139.1.103"},{"key":"S0031182010000946_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa063265"},{"key":"S0031182010000946_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004360050069"},{"key":"S0031182010000946_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1997.11813224"},{"key":"S0031182010000946_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.6.4003"},{"key":"S0031182010000946_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-9525(90)90252-2"},{"key":"S0031182010000946_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1911.0060"},{"key":"S0031182010000946_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1997.11813211"},{"key":"S0031182010000946_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1910.0035"},{"key":"S0031182010000946_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000060820"},{"key":"S0031182010000946_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3276780"},{"key":"S0031182010000946_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.69.3.387","article-title":"Alternative versus classical macrophage activation during experimental African trypanosomosis","volume":"69","author":"Namangala","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Leukocyte Biology"},{"key":"S0031182010000946_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/315322"},{"key":"S0031182010000946_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/149.3.311"},{"key":"S0031182010000946_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(79)90121-8"},{"key":"S0031182010000946_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.04.006"},{"key":"S0031182010000946_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/381151"},{"key":"S0031182010000946_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000081841"},{"key":"S0031182010000946_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/520815"},{"key":"S0031182010000946_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3128","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.6.3128-3132.1999","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor alpha is a key mediator in the regulation of experimental Trypanosoma brucei infections","volume":"67","author":"Magez","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"S0031182010000946_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1993.tb00577.x"},{"key":"S0031182010000946_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.03.013"},{"key":"S0031182010000946_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/522011"},{"key":"S0031182010000946_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.12.7040-7044.2004"},{"key":"S0031182010000946_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(02)90115-X"},{"key":"S0031182010000946_ref41","first-page":"28","article-title":"Second note on an exceptional case of trypanosomiasis. 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