{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T20:46:03Z","timestamp":1786999563568,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,21]],"date-time":"2010-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1279670400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Chagas' disease, caused by\n                    <jats:italic>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/jats:italic>\n                    , affects 16\u201318 million people in Central and South America. Patient treatment is based on drugs that have toxic effects and limited efficacy. Therefore, new chemotherapeutic agents need to be developed. Snake venoms are sources of natural compounds used in various medical treatments. We observed that\n                    <jats:italic>Crotalus viridis viridis<\/jats:italic>\n                    venom was effective against all developmental forms of\n                    <jats:italic>T. cruzi.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Ultrastructural analysis revealed swelling of mitochondria, blebbing and disruption of the plasma membrane, loss of cytoplasm components and morphological changes of the cell. Staining with propidium iodide and rhodamine 123 confirmed the observed alterations in the plasma and mitochondrial membranes, respectively. The effects of the venom on the parasite intracellular cycle were also analysed. Pre-infected LLC-MK\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    cells incubated with\n                    <jats:italic>Cvv<\/jats:italic>\n                    venom showed a 76\u201393% reduction in the number of parasites per infected cell and a 94\u201397\u00b74% reduction in the number of parasites per 100 cells after 96 h of infection. Free trypomastigotes harvested from the supernatants of\n                    <jats:italic>Cvv<\/jats:italic>\n                    venom-treated cells were incapable of initiating a new infection cycle. Our data demonstrate that\n                    <jats:italic>Cvv<\/jats:italic>\n                    venom can access the host cell cytoplasm at concentrations that cause toxicity only to the amastigote forms of\n                    <jats:italic>T. cruzi<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and yields altered parasites with limited infective capacity, suggesting the potential use of\n                    <jats:italic>Cvv<\/jats:italic>\n                    venom in Chagas' disease chemotherapy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182010000958","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,21]],"date-time":"2010-07-21T10:28:17Z","timestamp":1279708097000},"page":"46-58","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Effect of\n                    <i>Crotalus viridis viridis<\/i>\n                    snake venom on the ultrastructure and intracellular survival of\n                    <i>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"138","author":[{"given":"CAMILA M.","family":"ADADE","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"BRUNO LEMOS","family":"CONS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"PAULO A.","family":"MELO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"THA\u00cfS","family":"SOUTO-PADR\u00d3N","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182010000958_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00874149"},{"key":"S0031182010000958_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(94)90366-2"},{"key":"S0031182010000958_ref11","first-page":"554","article-title":"Using bradykinin-potentiating peptide structures to develop new antihypertensive drugs","volume":"3","author":"Fernandez","year":"2004","journal-title":"Genetics and Molecular Research"},{"key":"S0031182010000958_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2005.09.008"},{"key":"S0031182010000958_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9861(02)00747-6"},{"key":"S0031182010000958_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micron.2008.08.003"},{"key":"S0031182010000958_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellbi.2006.11.007"},{"key":"S0031182010000958_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2003.09.001"},{"key":"S0031182010000958_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M211204200"},{"key":"S0031182010000958_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2760(65)90152-9"},{"key":"S0031182010000958_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-006-6315-0"},{"key":"S0031182010000958_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762009000900005"},{"key":"S0031182010000958_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2000.4175"},{"key":"S0031182010000958_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0892-0354(90)90001-9"},{"key":"S0031182010000958_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi027212o"},{"key":"S0031182010000958_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006457903545"},{"key":"S0031182010000958_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0396-350"},{"key":"S0031182010000958_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2007.11.001"},{"key":"S0031182010000958_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2006.04.003"},{"key":"S0031182010000958_ref4","first-page":"93","article-title":"Growth and differentiation in Trypanosoma cruzi. 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Origin of metacyclic trypanosomes in liquid media","volume":"6","author":"Camargo","year":"1964","journal-title":"Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"key":"S0031182010000958_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(01)00275-6"},{"key":"S0031182010000958_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762002000100001"},{"key":"S0031182010000958_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.03.017"},{"key":"S0031182010000958_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-002-0626-3","article-title":"Ultrastructural alterations and growth inhibition of Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania major induced by Bothrops jararaca venom","volume":"88","author":"Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2002","journal-title":"Parasitology Research"},{"key":"S0031182010000958_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-007-0653-1"},{"key":"S0031182010000958_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(98)00183-4"},{"key":"S0031182010000958_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-04-1438"},{"key":"S0031182010000958_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(96)00054-2"},{"key":"S0031182010000958_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/187152507781058726"},{"key":"S0031182010000958_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2008.12.004"},{"key":"S0031182010000958_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2003.08.044"},{"key":"S0031182010000958_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4157","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.204.23.4157","article-title":"A snake venom phospholipase A2 blocks malaria parasite development in the mosquito midgut by inhibiting ookinete association with the midgut surface","volume":"204","author":"Zieler","year":"2001","journal-title":"The Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"key":"S0031182010000958_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2003.11.005"},{"key":"S0031182010000958_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762005000100006"},{"key":"S0031182010000958_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-0361-9_3"}],"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0031182010000958","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,31]],"date-time":"2021-10-31T20:20:34Z","timestamp":1635711634000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0031182010000958\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,21]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031182010000958"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182010000958","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-1820","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,21]]}}}