{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T08:30:56Z","timestamp":1778661056888,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,1]],"date-time":"2010-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1291161600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S0031182010001575_sec_a001\"><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The evolutionary history of human malaria parasites (genus<jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>) has long been a subject of speculation and controversy. The complete genome sequences of the two most widespread human malaria parasites,<jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>, and of the monkey parasite<jats:italic>P. knowlesi<\/jats:italic>are now available, together with the draft genomes of the chimpanzee parasite<jats:italic>P. reichenowi<\/jats:italic>, three rodent parasites,<jats:italic>P. yoelii yoelli, P. berghei<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>P. chabaudi chabaudi<\/jats:italic>, and one avian parasite,<jats:italic>P. gallinaceum<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0031182010001575_sec_a002\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We present here an analysis of 45 orthologous gene sequences across the eight species that resolves the relationships of major<jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>lineages, and provides the first comprehensive dating of the age of those groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0031182010001575_sec_a003\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our analyses support the hypothesis that the last common ancestor of<jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>and the chimpanzee parasite<jats:italic>P. reichenowi<\/jats:italic>occurred around the time of the human-chimpanzee divergence.<jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>infections of African apes are most likely derived from humans and not the other way around. On the other hand,<jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>, split from the monkey parasite<jats:italic>P. knowlesi<\/jats:italic>in the much more distant past, during the time that encompasses the separation of the Great Apes and Old World Monkeys.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S0031182010001575_sec_a004\" sec-type=\"conclusion\"><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results support an ancient association between malaria parasites and their primate hosts, including humans.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182010001575","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,1]],"date-time":"2010-12-01T10:02:40Z","timestamp":1291197760000},"page":"1737-1749","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Genome sequences reveal divergence times of malaria parasite lineages"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"138","author":[{"given":"JOANA 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