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Several theories exist which attempt to explain how<jats:italic>Dientamoeba<\/jats:italic>may be transmitted. One theory suggests that animals are responsible for the transmission of<jats:italic>Dientamoeba<\/jats:italic>. However, reports of<jats:italic>Dientamoeba<\/jats:italic>in animals are sporadic and most are not supported by molecular evidence. Another theory suggests that<jats:italic>Dientamoeba<\/jats:italic>may be transmitted via the ova of a helminth. Given that the closest relative of<jats:italic>Dientamoeba<\/jats:italic>is transmitted via the ova of a helminth, this theory seems plausible. It has also been suggested that<jats:italic>Dientamoeba<\/jats:italic>could be transmitted directly between humans. This theory also seems plausible given that other relatives of<jats:italic>Dientamoeba<\/jats:italic>are transmitted in this way. Despite numerous investigations,<jats:italic>Dientamoeba<\/jats:italic>'s mode of transmission remains unknown. This review discusses the strengths and weaknesses of theories relating to<jats:italic>Dientamoeba<\/jats:italic>'s mode of transmission and, by doing so, indicates where gaps in current knowledge exist. Where information is lacking, suggestions are made as to how future research could improve our knowledge on the life cycle of<jats:italic>Dientamoeba<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182010001733","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,24]],"date-time":"2011-02-24T14:59:04Z","timestamp":1298559544000},"page":"557-572","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["The ambiguous life of<i>Dientamoeba fragilis<\/i>: the need to investigate current hypotheses on transmission"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"138","author":[{"given":"JOEL L. 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