{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T22:28:36Z","timestamp":1777328916679,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,24]],"date-time":"2011-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1298505600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>Drug development for paediatric applications entails a number of challenges, such as the wide age spectrum covered \u2013 from birth to adolescence \u2013 and developmental changes in physiology during biological maturation that influence the efficacy and toxicity of drugs. Safe and efficacious antiparasitic drugs for children are of pivotal importance given the large proportion of burden attributable to parasitic diseases in this age group, and growing efforts to administer, as widely as possible, antiparasitic drugs to at-risk populations, such as infants and school-aged children, often without prior diagnosis. The purpose of this review is to investigate whether antiparasitic drugs have been adequately studied for use in paediatrics. We approached this issue through a systematic review using PubMed and the Cochrane Central Register of Trials covering a period of 10 years and 8 months until the end of August 2010 to identify trials that investigated efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of antiparasitic drugs for paediatrics. Overall, 269 clinical drug trials and 17 PK studies met our inclusion criteria. Antimalarial drugs were the most commonly studied medicines (82\u00b76%). Most trials were carried out in Africa and children aged 2\u201311 years were the age group most often investigated. Additionally, we critically examined available drug formulations for anthelminthics and identified a number of shortcomings that are discussed. Finally, we shed new light on current proposals to expand \u2018preventive chemotherapy\u2019 to preschool-aged children and emphasise that new research, including risk-benefit analyses, are needed before such a strategy can be adopted more widely.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182011000023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,24]],"date-time":"2011-02-24T10:38:53Z","timestamp":1298543933000},"page":"1620-1632","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Antiparasitic drugs for paediatrics: systematic review, formulations, pharmacokinetics, safety, efficacy and implications for control"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"138","author":[{"given":"JENNIFER","family":"KEISER","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"KATRIN","family":"INGRAM","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00dcRG","family":"UTZINGER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1991.45.345"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref72","volume-title":"Preventive Chemotherapy in Human Helminthiasis: Coordinated Use of Anthelminthic Drugs in Control Interventions: A Manual for Health Professionals and Programme Managers","year":"2006"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref2","first-page":"45","article-title":"The legal standards for the radioactive or non radioactive drugs research and approval in the European Community and in Germany after the thalidomide catastrophe","volume":"13","author":"Barsch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hellenic Journal of Nuclear Medicine"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009991600"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-005-0894-9"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2009.08.006"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref77","volume-title":"Working to Overcome the Global Impact of Neglected Tropical Diseases. First WHO Report on Neglected Tropical Diseases","year":"2010"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/17460441.2.S1.S9"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/11316260-000000000-00000"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-005-1698-8"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref76","first-page":"237","article-title":"Soil-transmitted helminthiasis. Progress report on number of children treated with anthelminthic drugs: an update towards the 2010 global target","volume":"82","year":"2008","journal-title":"Weekly Epidemiological Records"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/17425247.4.1.37"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114509990286"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61258-7"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref67","unstructured":"United Nations (2009). World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division, New York."},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref69","first-page":"1","article-title":"The control of schistosomiasis: report of a WHO expert committee","volume":"728","year":"1985","journal-title":"WHO Technical Report Series"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/17425255.1.3.447"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref78","first-page":"158","article-title":"Schistosomiasis","volume":"85","year":"2010","journal-title":"Weekly Epidemiological Records"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(10)73008-6"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2005.05.006"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0b013e3181dd51ef"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref79","first-page":"141","article-title":"Soil-transmitted helminthiasis","volume":"85","year":"2010","journal-title":"Weekly Epidemiological Records"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref53","first-page":"231","volume-title":"Pediatric Drug Development Concepts and Applications","author":"Rakhmanina","year":"2009"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/136485906X105552"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref64","first-page":"25","volume-title":"Guide to Paediatric Clinical Research","author":"St\u00f6tter","year":"2007"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.10.36"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.14.12.1513"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2008.11.019"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2003.00988.x"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2010.03.005"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196212132672407"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-827X(03)00079-X"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000030"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref74","volume-title":"The Selection and Use of Essential Medicines","year":"2007"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref15","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency (2006). Reflection paper: formulations of choice for the paediatric population. European Medicines Agency, London."},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009990400"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0020302"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref10","first-page":"65","volume-title":"Guide to Paediatric Clinical Research","author":"Breitkreutz","year":"2007"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref70","volume-title":"Report of the WHO Informal Consultation on the Use of Praziquantel during Pregnancy\/Lactation and Albendazole\/Mebendazole in Children under 24 Months","year":"2002"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60586-7"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010610"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/JAS-120004032"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68653-4"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-006-0381-z"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref73","volume-title":"Promoting Safety of Medicines for Children","year":"2007"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pauz.200800293"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref24","volume-title":"Human Schistosomiasis","author":"Jordan","year":"1969"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2144"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra035092"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0091270005279273"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-002-0769-2"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.10-0307"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra064142"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref41","first-page":"39","volume-title":"Pediatric Drug Development Concepts and Applications","author":"Milne","year":"2009"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000938"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.07.012"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60549-1"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.2000.00125.x"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref71","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevention and control of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis: report of a WHO expert committee","volume":"912","year":"2002","journal-title":"WHO Technical Report Series"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(03)00042-1"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2009.173591"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref54","first-page":"137","volume-title":"Pediatric Drug Development Concepts and Applications","author":"Rose","year":"2009"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inhe.2010.02.003"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.299.16.1937"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.02.021"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref23a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.10.080010"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2007.01.005"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.8.4.e25"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009991181"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2004.01282.x"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000357"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2008.11.018"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/PNS19930042"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref75","volume-title":"The Global Burden of Disease: 2004 Update","year":"2008"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.11.001"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e328010774c"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X09321173"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2333"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60879-3"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref46","first-page":"717","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of praziquantel in patients with opisthorchiasis","volume":"24","author":"Na Bangchang","year":"1993","journal-title":"Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health"},{"key":"S0031182011000023_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009000493"}],"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0031182011000023","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,27]],"date-time":"2019-04-27T00:47:00Z","timestamp":1556326020000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0031182011000023\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,24]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031182011000023"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182011000023","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-1820","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,24]]}}}