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Paeoniflorin (PAE, C<jats:sub>23<\/jats:sub>H<jats:sub>28<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>11<\/jats:sub>) has been reported to have an anti-hepatic fibrosis effect in schistosomiasis; however, the mechanism has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we measured serum hyaluronic acid (HA) concentrations, liver granuloma diameter and volume density, fibrosis degree and expressions of IL-13, arginase-1 (ARG-1), nitric oxide synthase-2 (NOS-2), and phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (p-STAT6) in mice liver of schistosomiasis. Then we detected expressions of specific biomarkers of AAMs and activity of Arg-1 in Kupffer cells (KCs) from infected and PAE-treated mice, or in KCs from uninfected mice, but exposed to rIL-13<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. Finally, we observed expression of IL-13 signalling molecules in KCs and secretion of IL-13 from lymphocytes of infected and PAE-treated mice. Our results showed that during schistosomiasis, IL-13 expression and secretion increased with liver macrophages activated alternatively. PAE not only directly inhibited alternative activation of macrophages via reducing the phosphorylations of janus-activated kinase 2 (JAK2) and\/or STAT6, leading to reduction of AAMs-related markers and Arg-1 activity, but also indirectly suppressed alternative activation of macrophages through decreasing secretion of IL-13. PAE might be a promising prophylactic agent for hepatic granuloma and fibrosis of schistosomiasis japonica.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182011001065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,3]],"date-time":"2011-08-03T12:25:15Z","timestamp":1312374315000},"page":"1259-1271","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Paeoniflorin attenuates schistosomiasis japonica-associated liver fibrosis through inhibiting alternative activation of 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