{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T02:12:08Z","timestamp":1787883128833,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,4]],"date-time":"2011-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1312416000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite the overlapping distribution of<jats:italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>infections, few studies have investigated early immune responses to both parasites in young children resident in areas co-endemic for the parasites. This study measures infection levels of both parasites and relates them to exposure and immune responses in young children. Levels of IgM, IgE, IgG4 directed against schistosome cercariae, egg and adult worm and IgM, IgG directed against<jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>schizonts and the merozoite surface proteins 1 and 2 together with the cytokines IFN-<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and TNF-<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>were measured by ELISA in 95 Zimbabwean children aged 1\u20135 years. Schistosome infection prevalence was 14\u00b77% and that of<jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>infection was 0% in the children. 43. 4% of the children showed immunological evidence of exposure to schistosome parasites and 13% showed immunological evidence of exposure to<jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>parasites. Schistosome\u2013specific responses, indicative of exposure to parasite antigens, were positively associated with cercariae-specific IgE responses, while<jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>-specific responses, indicative of exposure to parasite antigens, were negatively associated with responses associated with protective immunity against<jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>. There was no significant association between schistosome-specific and<jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>-specific responses. Systemic cytokine levels rose with age as well as with schistosome infection and exposure. Overall the results show that (1) significantly more children are exposed to schistosome and<jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>infection than those currently infected and; (2) the development of protective acquired immunity commences in early childhood, although its effects on infection levels and pathology may take many years to become apparent.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182011001181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,4]],"date-time":"2011-08-04T16:28:45Z","timestamp":1312475325000},"page":"1519-1533","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Exposure, infection, systemic cytokine levels and antibody responses in young children concurrently exposed to schistosomiasis and 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