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This \u2018new\u2019 burden, inclusive of co-infections with <jats:italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>, is being formally explored as infected children are not presently targeted to receive praziquantel (PZQ) within current preventive chemotherapy campaigns. Thus an important PZQ treatment gap exists whereby infected children might wait up to 4\u20135 years before receiving first treatment in school. International treatment guidelines, set within national treatment platforms, are presently being modified to provide earlier access to medication(s). Although detailed pharmacokinetic studies are needed, to facilitate pragmatic dosing in the field, an extended \u2018dose pole\u2019 has been devised and epidemiological monitoring has shown that administration of PZQ (40 mg\/kg), in either crushed tablet or liquid suspension, is both safe and effective in this younger age-class; drug efficacy, however, against <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic> appears to diminish after repeated rounds of treatment. Thus use of PZQ should be combined with appropriate health education\/water hygiene improvements for both child and mother to bring forth a more enduring solution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182011001235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,24]],"date-time":"2011-08-24T09:50:34Z","timestamp":1314179434000},"page":"1593-1606","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Closing the praziquantel treatment gap: new steps in epidemiological monitoring and control of schistosomiasis in African infants and preschool-aged children"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"138","author":[{"given":"J. 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