{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T16:44:33Z","timestamp":1792428273419,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,23]],"date-time":"2012-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1337731200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) have revolutionized understanding the global epidemiology of many medically relevant bacteria utilizing a number, mostly seven, of housekeeping genes. A more recent introduction, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), constitutes an even more powerful tool for bacterial typing, population genetic studies and phylogeography. The introduction of massive parallel sequencing has made genome re-sequencing and SNP discovery more economical for investigations of microbial organisms. In this paper we review phylogeographic studies on Lyme borreliosis (LB)-group spirochetes and methicillin-resistant<jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>(MRSA). Members of the LB-group spirochetes are tick-transmitted zoonotic bacteria that have many hosts and differ in their degree of host specialism, constituting a highly complex system. MRSA is a directly transmitted pathogen that may be acquired by contact with infected people, animals or MRSA-contaminated objects. For the LB-group spirochetes, MLSA has proved a powerful tool for species assignment and phylogeographic investigations while for<jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>, genome-wide SNP data have been used to study the very short-term evolution of two important MRSA lineages, ST239 and ST225. These data are detailed in this review.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182012000741","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,23]],"date-time":"2012-05-23T08:51:06Z","timestamp":1337763066000},"page":"1952-1965","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Phylogeography of Lyme borreliosis-group spirochetes and methicillin-resistant<i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"139","author":[{"given":"GABRIELE","family":"MARGOS","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"SANTIAGO","family":"CASTILLO-RAM\u00cdREZ","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ANNE GATEWOOD","family":"HOEN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref63","volume-title":"Lyme Borreliosis: Biology, Epidemiology and Control","author":"Korenberg","year":"2002"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-010-0287-0"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2411532"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.195"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000855"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2010.02319.x"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.1999.tb01160.x"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-112408-085419"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006968"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-5274(99)80054-X"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/170.4.1027"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002129"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2001.tb00571.x"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2006.1915"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0712205105"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/43.4.743"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/7.1.124"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref10","first-page":"36","article-title":"Vectors of tick-borne diseases and epidemiological situation in Latvia in 1993\u20132002","volume":"293","author":"Bormane","year":"2004","journal-title":"International Journal of Medical Microbiology"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.59.030804.121325"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/170.3.636"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7007-7-3"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2004.229","article-title":"Terrestrial distribution of the Lyme borreliosis agent Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in East Asia","volume":"57","author":"Masuzawa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.24.14043"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-294X.2002.01637.x"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1236"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01195-08"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68853-3"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2699.2006.01574.x"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1904"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref24","first-page":"1208","article-title":"Population structure in the Neisseria, and the biological significance of fuzzy species","volume":"71","author":"Corander","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Society Interface"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/170.4.878"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2009.05.014"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms11041190"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02456135"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1434553100"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0804178105"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2005.01.004"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref119","first-page":"201","article-title":"Clinical manifestations of Lyme disease","volume":"263","author":"Steere","year":"1986","journal-title":"Zentralblatt f\u00fcr Bakteriology, Mikrobiology und Hygiene [A]"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02544-10"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2011.09.007"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1994.tb19865.x"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(01)02298-3"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.64483-0"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2007.01.006"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0079497X00002176"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(00)47010-7"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70295-4"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1466-8238.2010.00526.x","article-title":"Field and climate-based model for predicting the density of host-seeking nymphal Ixodes scapularis, an important vector of tick-borne disease agents in the eastern United States","volume":"19","author":"Diuk-Wasser","year":"2010","journal-title":"Global Ecology and Biogeography"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01674-08"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.4.1456-1463.2002"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2003.tb00263.x"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.07.022"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182004004925"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1212.060448"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.3.1248-1251.1998","article-title":"Serum complement sensitivity as a key factor in Lyme disease ecology","volume":"66","author":"Kurtenbach","year":"1998","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-47-4-1112"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01060-07"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gki415"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1872","article-title":"Microbial diversity and the genetic nature of microbial species","volume":"6","author":"Achtman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Microbiology"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/325587a0"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.18.110187.002421"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.09-0208"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8503006"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-195R1"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10709-008-9293-3"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.64.4.1169-1174.1998","article-title":"Differential transmission of the genospecies of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato by game birds and small rodents in England","volume":"64","author":"Kurtenbach","year":"1998","journal-title":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1604318"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6052"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7043737"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evp044"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.5.2825-2830.2003"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2422354"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.56.012302.160634"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref25","volume-title":"Changes in the Land : Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England","author":"Cronon","year":"1983"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010650"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/43.2.166"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851996325.0091"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.3.1008-1015.2000","article-title":"Multilocus sequence typing for characterization of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible clones of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"38","author":"Enright","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/32.4.522"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.185.11.3307-3316.2003"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0934-8840(98)80121-7"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2011.02515.x"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.001370"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref45","volume-title":"White-tailed Deer:Eecology and Management","author":"Halls","year":"1984"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7007-3-6"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182002002548"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref68","volume-title":"Bacterial Population Genetics in Infectious Disease","author":"Kurtenbach","year":"2010"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0903810106"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(00)00393-2"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.2010.01001.x"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2006.1920"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0409727102"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2005.3230"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.6.2674-2684.2005"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04403-2"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1475"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(01)02133-3"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.02864-0"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2004.02.005"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.7.2500-2507.2001"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2010.08.003"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.6.3140"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(03)00008-9"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00116-09"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02636-10"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref87","first-page":"11","volume-title":"The Science of Overabundance: Deer Ecology and Population Management","author":"Mccabe","year":"1997"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref94","volume-title":"Biology of Ticks","author":"Ogden","year":"2011a"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0901766"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.12.3926-3934.2003"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2304","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.33.9.2304-2315.1995","article-title":"Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of Borrelia burgdorferi isolated from ticks and small animals in Illinois","volume":"33","author":"Picken","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/174.5.1112"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref101","first-page":"505","article-title":"Molecular characterization of Borrelia spp. isolates from greater metropolitan Chicago reveals the presence of Borrelia bissettii","volume":"2","author":"Picken","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12285646"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid\/1407.070880"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.64050-0"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01183-08"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.6.2128-2133.2000","article-title":"Genetic diversity of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ticks from mainland Portugal","volume":"38","author":"De Michelis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01524-10"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01050-09"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1948-7134.2010.00068.x"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1970.04000070106017"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1306.070224"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.hdy.6800917"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msr249"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres\/2009019"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01233-06"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004002"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0800323105"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aesa\/78.2.172"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2010.09.002"},{"key":"S0031182012000741_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1182395"}],"container-title":["Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S0031182012000741","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]],"date-time":"2024-04-24T18:59:26Z","timestamp":1713985166000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S0031182012000741\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,23]]},"references-count":131,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0031182012000741"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182012000741","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-1820","1469-8161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-1820","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8161","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,23]]}}}